“…In some educational systems, e-learning integration has been regarded among the top priorities in policy making, budget planning, and curriculum development. At the same time, e-learning is recognized as one of the key drivers for the improvement of teaching and learning (Alnasraween & Shahadab, 2022;Afshari, Bakar, Wong, Samah & Fooi, 2008;Wong, Atan & Sabudin, 2010), prompting governments to launch major initiatives and make considerable capital investments to build and maintain information communication e-learning (ICT) infrastructures in the schools (Moses, Khambari & Wong, 2008). In recent years, the Internet has not only fostered rapid access to information; it also facilitated changes in the nature of today's education (Pham & Tran, 2020).…”