Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Circadian Rhythms

Abstract

ABS TRACT Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. Circadian rhythms are natural biological rhythms that follow a 24-hour cycle and are synchronized with external cues, primarily the alternating patterns of light and darkness. The relationship between sleep apnea and circadian rhythms is complex and multifaceted. Disruptions in circadian rhythms can impact sleep quality and overall sleep-wake regulation. In the case of sleep apnea, the recurrent episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep can lead to disruptions in the normal sleep pattern. Sleep fragmentation and sleep apnea-related factors, such as intermittent hypoxia and oxidative stress, can directly affect the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms. Clinical and basic research studies have provided further evidence of the relationship between circadian rhythm and OSA. These studies highlight the importance of the circadian clock in regulating breathing, metabolism, and hormone secretion, the impact of OSA on melatonin secretion, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism, and propose it as a potential therapeutic target for sleep apnea and associated metabolic disorders. Understanding the relationship between OSA and circadian rhythms is important for managing and treating sleep apnea and its associated comorbidities. This review paper explores the molecular and systemic aspects of the circadian rhythm, their relationship with OSA, and the potential implications for disease development and treatment in literature highlights.