“…Moreover, PC is an emerging topic as it is associated with costly medical expenses, thus making it a central topic of urgency for medical reform in the U.S. For example, PC has been associated with persistent pain following surgery, resulting in an increased number of hospital visits and greater rates of post-surgery failure (Coronado, George, Devin, Wegener, & Archer, 2015;Palma et al, 2018). Due to such findings, several researchers have suggested that patients be administered the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), using a cutoff score of 30 or higher before surgery (Abraham, Wagg, Bigney, Daly, & Manson, 2017), because identifying PC would ultimately decrease medical expenses and allow for more precise treatment, both pre-and post-surgery.…”