“…It does not entirely explain these fi ndings, however, given several other factors like prior stricturing or penetrating disease complications, bowel resection, and disease duration or age at diagnosis, were not associated with a reduction in treatment eff ectiveness. An alternative hypothesis is that these risk factors portend a worse prognosis through alternations in lymphocyte proliferation, chemokine and cytokine expression, and/or variations in adhesion molecule expression (29)(30)(31)(32). Th is second hypothesis will need to be explored further, as relative alterations in adhesion molecule expression may be important when attempting to identify which individuals may be more likely to respond to biologics that selectively target various leukocyte endothelial cell inter actions ( 33,34 ).…”