“…Rather it insists on the importance of studying non-Western representations of the West in their own right, as both intrinsically important and possessing a degree of autonomy from Western global hegemony. English-language examples that reflect this perspective include studies of the development of stereotypes of the West in China (Chen, 1995;Ning, 1997;Song, 2000), Sri Lanka (Spencer, 1995), Egypt (Al-Ali, 2000), Japan (Creighton, 1995;Hutchinson, 2001), and Iran, (Tavakoli-Targhi, 1990;. All these contributions build on a large, yet scattered and specialised literature of how the West has been viewed around the world (for example, Aizawa, 1986;Chang, 1970;Hay, 1970;Hirth, 1966;Siddiqi, 1956;Teng and Fairbank, 1979).…”