Occipital Encephalocele: Cause, Incidence, Neuroimaging and Surgical Management

Abstract

: Encephalocele (E) is a defect of the neural tube that refers to congenital malformations featured by skull defect and dura with extracranial spread of intracranial structures. Occipital encephalocele (OE)are the most common form of this congenital disorder and are manifested as a swelling of different sizes over the occipital bone in the midline. They are more frequent in females than in males. Although the exact cause of E is unknown, it is probably multifactorial , including both genetic and environmental factors. The incidence is between 1 in 3000 to 1 in 10,000 live births; approximately 90% of them involve the midline. Magnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice in diagnosis of OE and surgery is the best option for the treatment of OE. Overall morbidity and mortality is still high in spite of advenced surgical management ,but have been significantly improved in recent years thanks to sophisticated high-resolution imaging , adequate and proper surgical treatment and decent post-operative care.

Bayi Baru Lahir dengan Kelainan Kongenital berupa Menigoensefalokel Parietal: Sebuah Laporan Kasus

“…Pembalutan masa dengan kasa steril segera setelah lahir pada daerah yang terdapat masa atau lesi yang terpapar dilakukan untuk mencegah jaringan saraf yang terpapar menjadi kering. Perawatan pra-bedah neonatus rutin dengan penekanan khusus pada saat mempertahan suhu tubuh yang dapat menurun dengan cepat 14 .…”

Late-onset obstructive hydrocephalus associated with occipital encephalocele with large skull defect successfully treated by endoscopic third ventriculostomy: A case report

“…Encephalocele is a type of neural tube defect characterized by an abnormal protrusion or herniation of the intracranial contents through a calvarial bone defect [1], with an estimated incidence of 0.8-5.6 per 10,000 live births [2]. Despite recent developments in diagnostic neuroimaging, surgical techniques, and post-operative care, the mortality and morbidity of encephalocele are still high [1,[3][4][5], and the neurological prognosis is relevant for several factors, such as associated anomalies, the amount and type of dysfunctional brain elements, and the presence of hydrocephalus [1,2,6].…”

“…Hydrocephalus is an important factor associated with prognosis, and as many as 50-90% of occipital encephalocele patients develop hydrocephalus [1,2,6]. Hydrocephalus mostly develops within the rst year of life [1,[6][7][8][9], and the literature reports the development of hydrocephalus after excision and repair of the encephalocele [2,6,10].…”

Pre-Natal Diagnosis of Occipital Encephalocele: A Rare Case

“…Encephalocele is defined as the externalization of brain tissue and/or meninges out of the skull through a congenital bone defect [1] [2]. It's a congenital malformation with a high risk of mortality and morbidity [3].…”