Occult hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review

Huang, Xiangyan; Hollinger, F. Blaine

doi:10.1111/jvh.12222

Cited by 69 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(178 reference statements)

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“…Several reports have suggested that occult HBV is transmissible through blood transfusion and organ transplantation, and may lead to cirrhosis and/or the subsequent development of HCC. 53 This finding is also of interest, because this area is positioned in the transitional zone between the Asian and Australian biogeographical regions, where parallel evolution and genotypic adaptation have occurred in organisms ranging from microbes to plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and primates. 24 This might be considered in the explanation of the high OHB cases in this study, because differences in the HBV-specific host immune response have been described as one of the possible mechanisms leading to occult HBV, 54 as indicated by the presence of anti-HBs in 77.5% (38/49) of OHB cases in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Young Adults in Ternate, Eastern Indonesia

Ie¹,

Turyadi²,

Sidarta³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been declining thanks to the universal hepatitis B infant immunization program. Nevertheless, young adults born before the program implementation might have acquired HBV in early childhood or remain susceptible to infection. This study aimed to evaluate hepatitis B epidemiology in asymptomatic young adult population in Ternate, eastern Indonesia. Serum samples of 376 subjects (aged 17-25, mean 19.82 ± 1.69 years; male/female 138/238) were screened for HBV parameters serologically (HBV surface antigen [HBsAg]; its antibody [anti-HBs]; anti-core antigen [anti-HBc]), and molecularly (HBV DNA). HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and HBV DNA prevalence were 15.7%, 36.2%, 24.2%, and 27.9%, respectively, with male predominance. Of all subjects, 13.0% were HBsAg negative with detectable HBV DNA (occult hepatitis B [OHB]), and 56.4% showed negativity for all seromarkers. This population showed high hepatitis B prevalence with substantial occurrence of OHB. However, a high percentage of the population were still susceptible and at risk of HBV infection. This study emphasizes the necessity to improve prevention strategies to screen and manage HBV carriers, including the adoption of catch-up or booster vaccination targeted to young adult populations. Investigations on the roles of host-virus interactions associated with OHB and its implications are warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Young Adults in Ternate, Eastern Indonesia

Ie¹,

Turyadi²,

Sidarta³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…HCV increases HCC risk by promoting cirrhosis and causing specific genetic lesions to the infected liver cells [6] . Clinically relevant hepatitis viral infections has been shown to predispose individuals to HCC, similarly, occult hepatitis B infection has been associated with the development of HCC [7] . Higher viral loads with prolonged infections have been correlated with the occurrence of HCC and may be due to accumulated risks from chronic oncogenic damage [8] .…”

Section: Pathogenesis and Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of biomarkers in the prediction and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Khattab

Fouad

Ahmed

2015

WJH

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The prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has progressively increased in recent years and is now the fifth and the second most common cancer in the World and in Egypt, respectively. Much work has focused in the development of assays for detecting hepatic carcinogensis before the observance of hepatic focal lesions. Particular attention has been directed towards HCC-specific biomarkers for use in the early diagnosis of HCC and in the confirmation of radiological studies. Although a number of biomarkers have been identified, none have been considered reliable indicators of early HCC lesions. This review presents a few of the most relevant HCC biomarkers and suggests improvements to the accuracy of diagnostic assays through their combined use. Furthermore, we present an algorithm for the biomarker-based diagnosis of HCC and highlight its important role in the early prediction of HCC. Core tip: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been widely used as a reference biomarker to validate the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, normal physiological-levels of AFP are observed in approximately one third of HCC cases. Furthermore, a number of HCC positive patients have AFP levels less than the threshold value of 400 ng/mL. These factors make an AFP-based diagnosis of HCC far from reliable. However, high diagnostic accuracy indices have been reported when AFP is combined with other biomarkers such as midkine, golgi protein 73, des-γ-carboxyprothrombin, glypican-3, and gamma-glutamyl transferase.Khattab M, Fouad M, Ahmed E. Role of biomarkers in the prediction and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Hepatol 2015; 7(23): 24742481 Available from:

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“…Different virological characteristics were found in HCC patients with OBI, for example, higher frequencies of amino acidic mutations in Pre-S/S such as the presence of premature stop codons or some nucleotidic substitutions in the enhancer II region such as G1721A. The overall conclusion is that, despite the low viral load, the risk of HCC in OBI patients is high [77].…”

Section: Pathobiology and Clinical Implications Of S-escape Mutantsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and S-Escape Mutants: From the Beginning until Now

Maria¹

2015

JHVRV

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Despite of the progress made in vaccine and antiviral therapy development, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major health care problem. More than 240 million people are chronically infected worldwide showing differences in the severity of liver disease, clinical outcome and response to immune-and antiviraltherapy. Parameters associated with the host immune system (HBV specific Tand/or B-cell repertoires, defective antigen presentation and diminished Th1/ Th2 response ratio) and viral factors such as the HBV genotypes and their evolving variants/mutants, have largely contributed to explaining such differences. The unique genomic structure and replication cycle of HBV provide much opportunity for mutations to occur in any of its genes undergoing selection pressures, such as those associated with the host immune system, the hepatitis B vaccine and/ or hepatitis B immune globulin and the antiviral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues. Firstly, this review describes the current prevalence of S-escape mutants worldwide. Secondly, the clinical implications of such surface gene variants and the impact of universal hepatitis B vaccination on HBV mutations and genotypes are discussed. Finally, the fact that the immune escape process also extends well beyond HBV is addressed.

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Occult hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review

Cited by 69 publications

References 89 publications

High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Young Adults in Ternate, Eastern Indonesia

High Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Young Adults in Ternate, Eastern Indonesia

Role of biomarkers in the prediction and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and S-Escape Mutants: From the Beginning until Now

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