Occupant Injury in Rollover Crashes: A Reexamination of Malibu II

James, Michael B.; Nordhagen, Ronald P.; Schneider, Denis; Koh, Sung-Woo

doi:10.4271/2007-01-0369

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Some researchers have concluded that there is no relationship between roof crush and injury risk as measured by anthropometric test devices (ATDs) (Bahling et al, 1990;James et al, 2007;Moffatt et al, 2003;Orlowski et al, 1985;Piziali et al, 1998), whereas others have reached the opposite conclusion using data from the same crash tests (Friedman and Nash, 2001;Rechnitzer et al, 1998;Syson, 1995). These disparate conclusions have led to distinct hypotheses about the primary source of rollover injury: either a diving mechanism in which injury occurs independently of roof crush or a roof intrusion mechanism in which injury is caused by structural collapse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roof Strength and Injury Risk in Rollover Crashes

Brumbelow

Teoh

Zuby

et al. 2009

Traffic Injury Prevention

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The FMVSS 216 measure of roof strength related strongly to occupant protection in real-world rollover crashes in this study, which restricted analysis to vehicles with reasonably homogeneous driver and usage characteristics and accounted for state variation in injury rates. Further research should determine whether these results generalize to other vehicle types with different drivers and rollover risk. Research should also focus on factors other than roof strength, because even large increases in roof strength would leave many rollover crash deaths unaffected.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roof Strength and Injury Risk in Rollover Crashes

Brumbelow

Teoh

Zuby

et al. 2009

Traffic Injury Prevention

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show abstract

“…Neck Injury -Neck injuries of belted and contained occupants in rollovers are often sustained by head impacts with the roof as the inertia of the torso exposes the neck to a compression load when the head comes to a stop against the roof (Bahling et al 1990, James et al 2007, Piziali et al 1998.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Roll Velocity and Roof-to-Ground Impact Angle on Injuries in Lateral Rollovers

Jewkes¹

2009

SAE Technical Paper Series

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The Engineering Meetings Board has approved this paper for publication. It has successfully completed SAE's peer review process under the supervision of the session organizer. This process requires a minimum of three (3) reviews by industry experts. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE. ABSTRACTA previously developed two-dimensional model of a vehicle in a lateral roll ) was used in this study to analytically evaluate the effect of vehicle roll angle and roll velocity on roof-impact ∆V and consequent occupant injury mechanism and risk. Both occupants adjacent to (near-side) and remote from (far-side) the rollover's leading side were evaluated. Injury evaluation was limited to head and neck/spinal injuries.The vehicle's roll angle at the time of roof-impact dramatically affected the local ∆V at the point of head-toroof contact.

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“…Previously, authors have surmised that axial loading takes place during the rollover event based on dummy loading in dynamic rollover tests (Viano and Parenteau 2008, Bahling et al 1990, James et al 2007). The current study tested this hypothesis by analyzing clinical rollover injuries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury Mechanisms and Priorities for Cervical Spine Trauma Mitigation in Rollover Crashes: The development and analysis of in vitro testing of axial compressive cervical spine impacts

Foster¹

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Rollover crashes are a major public health concern, associated with over one-third of all passenger vehicle fatalities in the US. Of the injuries sustained by occupants in rollover crashes, cervical spine trauma is among the most frequent and life threatening. Occupant initial orientation and loading distribution has been shown to influence injury outcome in biomechanical testing with cadaveric subjects; however, these loading conditions have not been well characterized for rollover-involved occupants. Slight changes in boundary condition or eccentricity in axial compression (the loading mechanism most associated with cervical spine injury in this crash mode) have been shown to have enormous bearing on the injury tolerance and severity of injury. A thorough review of cadaveric injury mechanism literature and of clinically representative rollover cases (queried from a national trauma database) was conducted for the purpose of retrospectively linking injury with failure mechanism and reverse-engineering the loading environments experienced by rollover-involved occupants with cervical spine trauma. Data gathered from these analytical observations, such as the influence of laterally eccentric loading, passive musculature, and torso augmentation, help establish an in vitro test approach relevant to injurious rollover-type loading. Cervical spine compression tests with full post-mortem human surrogates were performed at the Center for Applied Biomechanics with the goals of assessing 1) boundary condition influence on bony fracture in a full cadaver, 2) the effective mass of the human torso as it augments load to the base of the cervical column (the process believed by experts to be the greatest contributing factor to cervical spine injury in v rollovers), and 3) the subsequent buckling kinematics of the cervical spine during the initiation of an applied axial load. Dynamic high-speed x-ray was employed for this study, showing buckling of the spine within the first 12 milliseconds of axial loading, a phenomenon never before observed radiologically in situ. Bony fracture was produced in 3 of the 4 surrogates, all of which coincide with relevant rollover type fracture and compressive injury mechanism. Injury outcome differences, however, raise questions pertaining to the end conditions and effective torso mass employed by previous authors in simplified cervical spine studies, the same studies used for injury reference values in current neck injury criteria. Kinematics data was ascertained to determine the amount of cephalocaudal translation that is required to initiate 2nd-order buckling of the neck, a value found to be lower than previously believed. Findings of this study can be used in the design of component level (head-neck complex) biomechanical tests of the human cervical spine, a significant experimentation cost reduction from full-scale cadaveric testing. This study illustrates the disparity between previous test approaches and this author's methodology which lays the groundwork for future studies in determining ...

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Occupant Injury in Rollover Crashes: A Reexamination of Malibu II

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Roof Strength and Injury Risk in Rollover Crashes

Roof Strength and Injury Risk in Rollover Crashes

The Effect of Roll Velocity and Roof-to-Ground Impact Angle on Injuries in Lateral Rollovers

Injury Mechanisms and Priorities for Cervical Spine Trauma Mitigation in Rollover Crashes: The development and analysis of in vitro testing of axial compressive cervical spine impacts

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