Occupation, smoking, opium, and bladder cancer: A case–control study

Abstract

Purpose:The aim of this study was to investigate occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer.Materials and Methods:In this case–control study, control group included patients who referred to a specialized clinic in the same city and hospitals where patients had been registered. Data were entered into SPSS software. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for occupational variables and other characteristics. Then, using logistic regression, the association between cancer and drugs was studied while smoking was controlled.Results:Cigarette smoking, even after quitting, was also associated with bladder cancer (OR = 2.549). Considering the classification of occupations, the OR of working in metal industry in patients was 10.629. Multivariate analysis showed that use of the drug by itself can be a risk factor for bladder cancer. Drug abuse together with the control of smoking increased the risk of bladder cancer by 4.959.Conclusion:According to the findings of this study, contact with metal industries such as welding, and working with tin was found as a risk factor for bladder cancer. In addition, cigarette smoking and opium abuse individually were associated with bladder cancer.

Opium and bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the odds ratios for opium use and the risk of bladder cancer

“…The remained 813 papers were screened based on their titles and abstracts and 785 irrelevant articles were removed. During a full text review of 28 papers [ 7 , 9 – 13 , 21 – 42 ], 11 papers were excluded [ 12 – 13 , 34 – 42 ]. Finally, 17 studies [ 7 , 9 – 11 , 21 – 33 ] were entered into the quality assessment and meta-analysis ( Fig 1 ).…”

“…During a full text review of 28 papers [ 7 , 9 – 13 , 21 – 42 ], 11 papers were excluded [ 12 – 13 , 34 – 42 ]. Finally, 17 studies [ 7 , 9 – 11 , 21 – 33 ] were entered into the quality assessment and meta-analysis ( Fig 1 ). The kappa statistic was 0.77 indicating substantial agreement between the researchers.…”

“…Several risk factors are reported to be responsible for developing bladder cancer such as high body mass index [ 4 ], genetic factors [ 5 ], occupational hazards [ 6 – 7 ], environment and nutrition [ 8 ], and behavioral factors [ 7 , 9 – 11 ].…”

Occupational Exposure to Carcinogens and Occupational Epidemiological Cancer Studies in Iran: A Review

“…An elevated risk of bladder cancer was observed among a priori high-risk jobs including metal manufacturing, textile, driving, agriculture and livestock, and construction. Ghadimi et al (2015) [13] reported on a hospital-based case-control study on urinary bladder cancer in relation to occupation, smoking, and opium consumption, conducted in the Kurdistan Province. By the occupation classification ISCO-08, univariable analysis showed an elevated risk of bladder cancer in workers in metal manufacturing.…”

Fifty Years of Research and One Conclusion: Opium Causes Cancer

“…[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Second, GCS was the first study to prospectively follow a large number of opium users for more than a decade with a negligible loss to followup, allowing robust investigation of the risk of different cancer outcomes among these individuals. 12 Altogether, since 2003, at least 25 independent case-control, 24,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52] and 2 cohort studies 12,39 have been conducted on this subject and nearly all have shown increased risk of cancers of different sites among opium users . Reviewing the results of all studies conducted over the past 50 years, the IARC Working Group found "sufficient evidence" for the carcinogenicity of opium consumption in relation to cancers of the larynx, lung, and bladder, and "limited evidence" for the carcinogenicity of opium for cancers of the esophagus, stomach, pharynx, and pancreas.…”