Occupational Activities Associated with a Reported History of Malaria among Women Working in Small-Scale Agriculture in South Africa

Naidoo, Saloshni; London, Leslie; Burdorf, Alex; Naidoo, Rajen N.; Kromhout, Hans

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0092

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Travel has been reported as a risk factor for P. falciparum infection in East and Southern Africa [43,44] and for cases of imported malaria being older than those not imported in Southern Africa [45]. Whereas occupational hazards were not evaluated in this study, considerable occupational risk of malaria has been documented among mobile male workers in Asia [46,47] and populations involved in agriculture in Africa [48,49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Rapid shifts in the age-specific burden of malaria following successful control interventions in four regions of Uganda

Kigozi

Epstein

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Malaria control using long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) has been associated with reduced transmission throughout Africa. However, the impact of transmission reduction on the age distribution of malaria cases remains unclear. Methods: Over a 10-year period (January 2009 to July 2018), outpatient surveillance data from four health facilities in Uganda were used to estimate the impact of control interventions on temporal changes in the age distribution of malaria cases using multinomial regression. Interventions included mass distribution of LLINs at all sites and IRS at two sites. Results: Overall, 896,550 patient visits were included in the study; 211,632 aged < 5 years, 171,166 aged 5-15 years and 513,752 > 15 years. Over time, the age distribution of patients not suspected of malaria and those malaria negative either declined or remained the same across all sites. In contrast, the age distribution of suspected and confirmed malaria cases increased across all four sites. In the two LLINs-only sites, the proportion of malaria cases in < 5 years decreased from 31 to 16% and 35 to 25%, respectively. In the two sites receiving LLINs plus IRS, these proportions decreased from 58 to 30% and 64 to 47%, respectively. Similarly, in the LLINs-only sites, the proportion of malaria cases > 15 years increased from 40 to 61% and 29 to 39%, respectively. In the sites receiving LLINs plus IRS, these proportions increased from 19 to 44% and 18 to 31%, respectively. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a shift in the burden of malaria from younger to older individuals following implementation of successful control interventions, which has important implications for malaria prevention, surveillance, case management and control strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Rapid shifts in the age-specific burden of malaria following successful control interventions in four regions of Uganda

Kigozi

Epstein

et al. 2020

Malar J

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“…Migrant farmers, on the other hand, were at high risk of contracting malaria. Certain agricultural activities increase risk of malaria 21 ) . Malaria is prevalent in the thick, dense forest areas of provinces along the Thai-Burma and Thai-Cambodia borders 22 , 23 ) , and 95% of the migrant farmers in this survey lived in such provinces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthcare use for communicable diseases among migrant workers in comparison with Thai workers

et al. 2017

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This study examines healthcare use in 2011 for communicable diseases among migrant workers compared with Thai workers in Thailand. The relative risks (RRs) of 14 communicable diseases (803,817 cases between ages 18 and 59) were calculated using the National Epidemiological Surveillance System, a nationwide hospital database. Regarding the migrant workers, 71.0% were Burmese and 17.3% were Cambodians. Significantly high comparative RRs for migrant workers were found for tuberculosis (TB) (male, RR=1.41; female, RR=2.33), sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (male, RR=2.39; female, RR=1.64), and malaria (male, RR=8.31; female, RR=11.45). Significantly low comparative RRs for migrant workers were found for diarrhea (male, RR=0.39; female, RR=0.28), food poisoning (male, RR=0.33; female, RR=0.24), dengue (male, RR=0.82; female, RR=0.68), and others. By occupation, RRs for TB and STIs were high among laborers but low among farmers. RRs for malaria among farmers (male, RR=18.26, female, RR=25.49) was higher than among laborers (male, RR=10.04; female, RR=13.93). The study indicated a higher risk of TB, STIs, and malaria for migrant workers, but a lower risk of diarrhea, food poisoning, dengue, and others. Although general health support program for migrants have promoted maternal and child health, prevention of communicable diseases should be further strengthened to meet the needs of migrants.

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“…However, at a micro-epidemiological scale in endemic areas, numerous factors influence malaria transmission dynamics including distance to the nearest mosquito breeding site [ 6 – 12 ] and house construction features [ 6 , 8 , 9 , 13 , 14 ]. Individual malaria risk may also be associated with human genetic factors [ 7 , 8 , 15 ] or with behavioural factors [ 6 – 8 , 13 ] including those relating to occupation [ 16 ] and travel [ 17 ]. Variations in these factors over a small area can result in spatially heterogeneous transmission, resulting in foci or hotspots of malaria infection [ 2 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with high heterogeneity of malaria at fine spatial scale in the Western Kenyan highlands

Baidjoe

Stevenson

Knight

et al. 2016

Malar J

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BackgroundThe East African highlands are fringe regions between stable and unstable malaria transmission. What factors contribute to the heterogeneity of malaria exposure on different spatial scales within larger foci has not been extensively studied. In a comprehensive, community-based cross-sectional survey an attempt was made to identify factors that drive the macro- and micro epidemiology of malaria in a fringe region using parasitological and serological outcomes.MethodsA large cross-sectional survey including 17,503 individuals was conducted across all age groups in a 100 km2 area in the Western Kenyan highlands of Rachuonyo South district. Households were geo-located and prevalence of malaria parasites and malaria-specific antibodies were determined by PCR and ELISA. Household and individual risk-factors were recorded. Geographical characteristics of the study area were digitally derived using high-resolution satellite images.ResultsMalaria antibody prevalence strongly related to altitude (1350–1600 m, p < 0.001). A strong negative association with increasing altitude and PCR parasite prevalence was found. Parasite carriage was detected at all altitudes and in all age groups; 93.2 % (2481/2663) of malaria infections were apparently asymptomatic. Malaria parasite prevalence was associated with age, bed net use, house construction features, altitude and topographical wetness index. Antibody prevalence was associated with all these factors and distance to the nearest water body.ConclusionAltitude was a major driver of malaria transmission in this study area, even across narrow altitude bands. The large proportion of asymptomatic parasite carriers at all altitudes and the age-dependent acquisition of malaria antibodies indicate stable malaria transmission; the strong correlation between current parasite carriage and serological markers of malaria exposure indicate temporal stability of spatially heterogeneous transmission.

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Occupational Activities Associated with a Reported History of Malaria among Women Working in Small-Scale Agriculture in South Africa

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Rapid shifts in the age-specific burden of malaria following successful control interventions in four regions of Uganda

Rapid shifts in the age-specific burden of malaria following successful control interventions in four regions of Uganda

Healthcare use for communicable diseases among migrant workers in comparison with Thai workers

Factors associated with high heterogeneity of malaria at fine spatial scale in the Western Kenyan highlands

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