Occupational exposure of pharmaceutical workers to drug actives and excipients and their effect on<i>Staphylococcus</i>spp. nasal carriage and antibiotic resistance

Haddadin, Randa N.; Saleh, Suhair; Ayyash, Manal; Collier, Phillip J.

doi:10.1179/2049396713y.0000000035

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…These authors recognized dust as an additional health hazard and as a new entry route for veterinary drugs in the environment. Other researchers have focused their efforts on similar experiments but with different antibiotic classes, for example, isolating bacteria resistant to tylosin from workers from a swine feeding operation which had been exposed to airborne concentrations [ 201 ] or isolation of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from pharmaceutical workers as a result of occupational exposure [ 202 ]. Dysbiosis has been reported as a result of antibiotic exposure for growth promotion purposes [ 8 ]; gut microbiota has been linked as a reservoir of the antibiotic resistance gene pool [ 203 ].…”

Section: Health and Environmental Risks Associated With The Use Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetracyclines in Food and Feedingstuffs: From Regulation to Analytical Methods, Bacterial Resistance, and Environmental and Health Implications

Granados-Chinchilla

Rodríguez

2017

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

252

128

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Antibiotics are widely used as growth promoters in animal husbandry; among them, the tetracyclines are a chemical group of relevance, due to their wide use in agriculture, surpassing in quantities applied almost every other antibiotic family. Seeing the considerable amounts of tetracyclines used worldwide, monitoring of these antibiotics is paramount. Advances must be made in the analysis of antibiotics to assess correct usage and dosage of tetracyclines in food and feedstuffs and possible residues in pertinent environmental samples. The tetracyclines are still considered a clinically relevant group of antibiotics, though dissemination of tolerance and resistance determinants have limited their use. This review focuses on four different aspects: (i) tetracyclines, usage, dosages, and regulatory issues that govern their food-related application, with particular attention to the prohibitions and restrictions that several countries have enforced in recent years by agencies from both the United States and the European Union, (ii) analytical methods for tetracyclines, determination, and residues thereof in feedstuffs and related matrices with an emphasis on the most relevant and novel techniques, including both screening and confirmatory methods, (iii) tetracycline resistance and tetracycline-resistant bacteria in feedstuff, and (iv) environmental and health risks accompanying the use of tetracyclines in animal nutrition. In the last two cases, we discuss the more relevant undesirable effects that tetracyclines exert over bacterial communities and nontarget species including unwanted effects in farmers.

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Section: Health and Environmental Risks Associated With The Use Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetracyclines in Food and Feedingstuffs: From Regulation to Analytical Methods, Bacterial Resistance, and Environmental and Health Implications

Granados-Chinchilla

Rodríguez

2017

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

252

128

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“…To date, no scientific report has been published on either the effect of occupational exposure of pharmaceutical workers to antibiotics or any other occupational adverse effects of chemical exposure on health in Bangladesh. The main problem of multiple drug resistance (MDR) is that it limits the choice of antibiotics available for the treatment of associated infections 5) and reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment. This leads to an increase in the morbidity, mortality and treatment cost of diseases 6,7) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Studies of the Impact of Occupational Exposure of Pharmaceutical Workers on the Development of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

Sarker

Islam

Huri

et al. 2014

Journal of Occupational Health

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of nasal fluids, mucuses and stools, respectively. Results: All the isolated species of bacteria exhibited significant enhancement of the degree of MDR in pharmaceutical workers compared with non-pharmaceutical subjects. Workers with a longer working history had greater degree of antibiotic resistance and vice versa. It can be certainly considered that the exposure of pharmaceutical workers to antibiotic agents resulted in a high incidence of multidrug resistance. Conclusions: Effective steps should be taken to minimize inherent exposure of pharmaceutical workers to antibiotics during work to prevent antimicrobial drug resistance. Antimicrobial drug resistance is a great problem for the treatment of infectious diseases all over the world. Resistance is increasing not only in low-and middleincome countries but also in high-income countries due to many reasons including the misuse of antibiotics and movement of infectious people all over the world 1) . The use of poor quality, degraded, expired, counterfeit and adulterated drugs are also among the several prime reasons 2) . In the above cases, the amounts of drugs administered into the human body fail to achieve the minimum effective concentration (MEC) levels; therefore, bacteria can easily develop resistance against the drugs when the drug is readministered. In general, workers in the pharmaceutical industries are constantly exposed to various chemical substances, such as organic solvents, vapors, dusts Pharmaceutical workers involved with the production of antimicrobial drugs are exposed to various antimicrobial chemicals in different steps of manufacturing such as grinding, sieving, compression, granulation, mixing and filling. These exposures may lead to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in bacteria. Scientific reports on the occupational health hazard of pharmaceutical workers involved in manufacturing antibiotics are scarce. The present study aimed to compare the degree of bacterial resistance in pharmaceutical workers in Bangladesh to that of individuals not involved in the pharmaceutical field. Methods: Twenty male workers from five local pharmaceutical companies and twenty male subjects not involved in the pharmaceutical field (non-pharmaceutical subjects) were randomly selected. Nasal fluid, mucus/cough and stool specimens were collected from each subject and were cultured separately at 37°C for 24 hours to obtain bacterial growth. The cultured species were then identified, isolated and subjected to microbial sensitivity testing against 18 different antibiotics from eight different groups by the disk diffusion method. Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Escherichia coli were identified and isolated from the culture

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“…Согласно данным литературы, сначала наблюдается зна-чительное количественное увеличение нор-мальных симбионтов. Следствием возрастания количества микроорганизмов является уси-ление процессов конкуренции и интерферен-ции между ними, что приводит в последующем к исчезновению некоторых симбионтов [2,13]. Так, в группе больных ПРС наблюдается высо-кая обсемененность золотистым стафилокок-ком при снижении частоты обнаружения или отсутствия некоторых других представителей.…”

Section: таблица 2 частота встречаемости бактерий на слизистой оболоunclassified

“…Сопоставления показателей микробиоценоза с особенностя-ми течения воспалительного заболевания по-казало, что тяжесть патологичес кого процесса зависит от степени негативных изменений ми-кробиологических показателей, что по нашему мнению диктует необходимость исследования микробиоценозов при различных заболеваниях и необходимости коррекции дисбиозов в ком-плексной терапии заболевания. Дисбиоз можно рассматривать как фактор этио логии, либо как фактор, предрасполагающий к развитию пато-логического процесса [1,4,9,13].…”

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Nasal Mucous Membrane Microflora in Patients With Polypous Rhinosinusitis

Коленчукова

Смирнова

Lapteva

2017

Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity

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Резюме. Проведено исследование микробиоценоза слизистой оболочки носа у больных полипозным риноси-нуситом. Обследованы больные полипозным риносинуситом (ПРС, n = 58) в возрасте от 18 до 64 лет и груп-па контроля (n = 156), сопоставимые по полу и возрасту. Для оценки микрофлоры слизистой оболочки носа во время обострения заболевания проводили посев микроорганизмов на питательные дифференциально-диагностические среды (КА, ЖСА, Эндо, энтерококк-агар). При изучении микрофлоры, полученной со сли-зистой оболочки носа, было выявлено 407 культур микроорганизмов при ПРС. В группе контроля выявлено 174 культуры микроорганизмов. Среди изолятов установлено 9 видов 6 родов бактерий при ПРС против 8 ви-дов 6 родов в группе контроля. При исследовании количественного состава микрофлоры слизистой оболочки носа при ПРС относительно контрольной группы было обнаружено значительное преобладание микроор-ганизмов, принадлежащих к родам Staphylococcus и Streptococcus, а также к семейству Enterobacteriaceae. Так-же обнаружено повышение КОЕ S. pneumoniae. При определении видовой принадлежности микроорганиз-мов, относящихся к роду Staphylococcus, в группе ПРС относительно контроля было установлено увеличение общей численности штаммов S. aureus, относящихся к коагулазопозитивным и S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis относящихся к коагулазонегативным стафилококкам. Также выявлено большое разнообразие коагулазо-негативных стафилококков: S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. cohnii, S. capitis, S. hyicius и S. xylosus. В контрольной группе таких видов как S. capitis и S. hyicius не обнаружено. Таким образом при полипозном риносинусите на слизистой оболочке носа имеет место выраженный дисбактериоз. Анализ частоты встречае-мости микроорганизмов, принадлежащих к разным родам, показал, что в группе ПРС чаще по сравнению с контрольной группой выделялись бактерии рода Streptococcus и семейства Nesseria, а также S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes и M. сatarha lis, относительно контроля. Анализ частоты встречаемости бактерий, относящихся к роду Staphylococcus, выделенных со слизистой оболочки носа показал высокий процент обнаружения как коагулазоположительных стафилококков, к которым относится золотистый стафилококк, так и коагулазо-отрицательных, таких как S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. cohnii, S. capitis, S. hyicius и S. xylosus в груп-пе ПРС относительно контроля. Проведенный анализ вирулентных и персистентных свойств стафилококков выявил особенности ферментативного аппарата, определяющего клиническое течение заболевания: стафи-лококки, длительно вегетирующие на слизистой оболочке носа изменяют свои свойства в сторону повыше-ния устойчивости к бактерицидному воздействию естественной резистентности, что, вероятно, сообщает им дополнительные селективные преимущества при развитии воспалительного процесса.

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Occupational exposure of pharmaceutical workers to drug actives and excipients and their effect onStaphylococcusspp. nasal carriage and antibiotic resistance

Abstract: The observed prevalence of CONS in both production plants was the same. However, exposure to intermittent non-cephalosporin pharmaceuticals results in higher prevalence of MDR CONS compared to continuous exposure to cephalosporin.

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

Tetracyclines in Food and Feedingstuffs: From Regulation to Analytical Methods, Bacterial Resistance, and Environmental and Health Implications

Tetracyclines in Food and Feedingstuffs: From Regulation to Analytical Methods, Bacterial Resistance, and Environmental and Health Implications

Studies of the Impact of Occupational Exposure of Pharmaceutical Workers on the Development of Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

Nasal Mucous Membrane Microflora in Patients With Polypous Rhinosinusitis

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