Occupational exposure to malaria, leishmaniasis and arbovirus vectors in endemic regions: A systematic review

Msellemu, Daniel; Tanner, Marcel; Yadav, Rajpal; Moore, Sarah J.

doi:10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100185

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 362 publications

(397 reference statements)

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“…Climatic crisis, facilitating the spread of sand flies in cooler environments, concurrent with environmental modifications/urbanization and population movement (i.e. migration/ mass population displacement, tourism, travelling usually along with reservoir hosts, as for example dogs) [5], possibly trigger this epidemiological tendency [6]. The role of vector control to combat leishmaniasis transmission is crucial, especially due to the unavailability of vaccines for humans, as well as several issues accompanying antileishmanial chemotherapy (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand flyLeishmaniavectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Balaska,

Khajehali,

Mavridis

et al. 2024

Preprint

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AbstractsBackgroundDevelopment of insecticide resistance (IR) in sand fly populations is an upcoming issue of public health concern, threatening leishmaniasis mitigation efforts by insecticide- based vector control. There is a major knowledge gap in the IR status of wild populations worldwide, possibly attributed to the unavailability of specialized tools, such as bioassay protocols, species baseline susceptibility to insecticides and molecular markers, to monitor such phenomena in sand flies.Methodology/ Principal findingsSeveral sand fly populations from (semi-)rural regions of Greece, Turkey and Iran were sampled and identified to species, showing populations’ structure in accordance with previously reported data. Genotyping of known pyrethroid resistance-associated loci revealed the occurrence of voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) mutations in all surveyed countries. Knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation L1014F was prevalent in Turkish regions and L1014F and L1014S were recorded for the first time in Iran and in Turkey and Greece, respectively, yet in low frequencies. Moreover, CDC bottle bioassays against pyrethroids in mixed species populations from Greece indicated full susceptibility, using though the mosquito discriminating doses. In parallel, we established a novel individual bioassay protocol and applied it comparatively among distinctPhlebotomusspecies’ populations, to detect any possible divergent species-specific response to insecticides. Indeed, a significantly different knock-down rate betweenP. simiciandP. perfiliewiwas observed upon exposure to deltamethrin.Conclusions/SignificanceIR in sand flies is increasingly reported in leishmaniasis endemic regions, highlighting the necessity to generate additional monitoring tools, that could be implemented in relevant eco-epidemiological settings, in the context of IR management. Our molecular and phenotypic data add to the IR map in a macroarea with otherwise limited data coverage.Author SummaryPhlebotomine sand flies vector leishmaniasis to human and animals, a neglected tropical disease of the (sub-)tropics, displaying an expanding epidemiological tendency towards previously non-endemic regions. As leishmaniasis eradication largely relies on vectors’ insecticidal control, regular monitoring of insecticide resistance (IR) is a core element of integrated vector management. IR data are limited in sand fly populations worldwide though, among others due to the unavailability of robust molecular diagnostic and phenotyping tools. Here, we aim to characterise the pyrethroid resistance (PyR) status of populations originating from countries of the Mediterranean basin and the Middle East; i.e. Greece, Turkey and Iran. PyR-associated mutations were detected in all three countries, while the populations from Greece exhibited susceptibility upon exposure to deltamethrin in CDC bioassays. We established an individual bioassay protocol to enable IR monitoring in settings with multi- species population structure, and applied it comparatively among three distinctPhlebotomusspecies, revealing that they respond differently to insecticide treatment. Our study will facilitate systematic surveillance and evidence-based sand fly control in the endemic regions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand flyLeishmaniavectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Balaska,

Khajehali,

Mavridis

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand fly Leishmania vectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Balaska,

Khajehali,

Mavridis

et al. 2024

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Development of insecticide resistance (IR) in sand fly populations is an issue of public health concern, threatening leishmaniasis mitigation efforts by insecticide-based vector control. There is a major knowledge gap in the IR status of wild populations worldwide, possibly attributed to the unavailability of specialized tools, such as bioassay protocols, species baseline susceptibility to insecticides and molecular markers, to monitor such phenomena in sand flies. Methodology/Principal findings Sand fly populations from (semi-)rural regions of Greece, Turkey and Iran were sampled and identified to species, showing populations’ structure in accordance with previously reported data. Genotyping of known pyrethroid resistance-associated loci revealed the occurrence of voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) mutations in all surveyed countries. Knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation L1014F was prevalent in Turkish regions and L1014F and L1014S were recorded for the first time in Iran, and in Turkey and Greece, respectively, yet in low frequencies. Moreover, CDC bottle bioassays against pyrethroids in mixed species populations from Greece indicated full susceptibility, using though the mosquito discriminating doses. In parallel, we established a novel individual bioassay protocol and applied it comparatively among distinct Phlebotomus species’ populations, to detect any possible divergent species-specific response to insecticides. Indeed, a significantly different knock-down rate between P. simici and P. perfiliewi was observed upon exposure to deltamethrin. Conclusions/Significance IR in sand flies is increasingly reported in leishmaniasis endemic regions, highlighting the necessity to generate additional monitoring tools, that could be implemented in relevant eco-epidemiological settings, in the context of IR management. Our molecular and phenotypic data add to the IR map in an area with otherwise limited data coverage.

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Reaching Forest Workers with Yellow Fever Vaccine Through Engagement of the Private Sector in Central African Republic

Noufack,

Bissengue,

Zobanga

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Background/Objectives: Yellow fever (YF) outbreaks continue to affect populations that are not reached by routine immunization services, such as workers at a high risk of occupational exposure to YF. In the Central African Republic (CAR), YF cases were detected in districts characterized by the presence of workers in forest areas. We developed an innovative approach based on a local partnership with private companies of the extractive industry to administer YF vaccine to workers in remote areas during the response to an outbreak. Methods: The planning stage of the campaign included the mapping of forestry and mining companies through the involvement of national and/or local representatives of companies from both the formal and informal sectors. Information sessions and mobilization targeted the heads of operating companies. Advanced and mobile strategies were used to target workers on their work site. Companies provided logistical support including transportation and communication and set up temporary vaccination posts. Results: Using this local partnership, it was possible to vaccinate over 70,000 workers (5.8% of the entire vaccinated population) in hard-to-reach areas, protecting them from YF. This represented around 47% of the estimated number of workers and dependents. The partnership with the private sector also contributed to increasing knowledge on the risk of YF and means of protection among a high-risk community. Conclusions: Private companies represent potentially useful actors that can contribute to the protection of high-risk workers and to the prevention and control YF outbreaks. The experience in the CAR has demonstrated that it is possible to obtain support from private companies, including informal ones, for a vaccination campaign.

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Occupational exposure to malaria, leishmaniasis and arbovirus vectors in endemic regions: A systematic review

Cited by 3 publications

References 362 publications

Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand flyLeishmaniavectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand flyLeishmaniavectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Development and application of species ID and insecticide resistance assays, for monitoring sand fly Leishmania vectors in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East

Reaching Forest Workers with Yellow Fever Vaccine Through Engagement of the Private Sector in Central African Republic

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