Occupational exposure to photocopiers and their toners cause genotoxicity

Kasi, V; Elango, Nithya; Ananth, S.; Bhuvaneswari, V.; Poornima, Jeyanthi Govindasamy

doi:10.1177/0960327117693068

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Elango et al 21 reported the result of a cross-sectional study on photocopier centre workers in India, showing the significant elevation of serum inflammatory biomarkers among the exposed workers compared with the controls. Kasi et al 22 suggested possible genotoxicity associated with photocopier-related exposure in a survey of photocopier operators and maintenance workers. Yanagi et al 23 found no marked difference in the pulmonary function due to toner-related work in their cross-sectional analysis of workers at a business equipment manufacturer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the chronic respiratory health risk associated with inhalation exposure to powdered toner for printing in actual working conditions: a cohort study on occupationally exposed workers over 10 years

et al. 2018

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BackgroundLittle epidemiological evidence exists regarding the chronic respiratory effects of inhaled powdered toner exposure in humans, although several case reports have suggested the existence of lung disorders that might be related to exposure to toner dust.ObjectiveWe aimed to estimate the chronic health risk to humans associated with routine toner dust exposure in copier industry workers under current actual work conditions.DesignA prospective observational cohort study of occupational population.MethodsChanges in chest radiogram, spirometry measurements and serum and urine biomarkers of biomedical responses to extrinsic stress, as well as subjective symptoms were longitudinally observed for up to 10 years in Japanese copier industry workers responsible for the manufacturing, maintenance or recycling of powdered toner or toner-using machines. A total of 694 subjects who did not change their work category during the follow-up and were free from chronic respiratory diseases at the baseline survey provided reliable results on at least three survey occasions during 3 years or more of follow-up.ResultsTypical fibrosis findings associated with pneumoconiosis was not observed on chest radiograms. No significant differences associated with toner exposure were noted in the frequency of new incidence of either non-specific findings on chest radiogram or serum fibrosis biomarkers (sialylated carbohydrate antigen KL-6 and surfactant protein D). However, the exposed subjects tended to show increases in the frequency of respiratory symptoms and reduced spirometry results during the follow-up compared with the control group, although significant differences were only seen in chronic cough.ConclusionsUnder the current reasonably controlled work environmental conditions, lung fibrotic changes caused by inhaled dust exposure, including powdered toner, appear to be relatively uncommon; however, non-specific temporal irritation causing subjective symptoms and inflammatory responses might exist.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the chronic respiratory health risk associated with inhalation exposure to powdered toner for printing in actual working conditions: a cohort study on occupationally exposed workers over 10 years

et al. 2018

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“…58,81,84,85,[90][91][92] In some studies, an attempt is made to bridge the gap between particle exposure and the chemical composition of the toner. 24,93,94 The measurement results themselves should not be questioned; however, the attribution of observations to printer emissions as compared to other possible influences may be questioned. Many of the studies mentioned were carried out in megacities in countries such as India and Pakistan, in which generally high concentrations of particles are observed in the outdoor air.…”

Section: Photocopy Center Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A whole series of studies address the exposure of persons in photocopy centers and printing rooms . In some studies, an attempt is made to bridge the gap between particle exposure and the chemical composition of the toner . The measurement results themselves should not be questioned; however, the attribution of observations to printer emissions as compared to other possible influences may be questioned.…”

Section: Health Effects Of Particles From Laser Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the characteristics and possible health effects of particles emitted from laser printing devices

Karrasch

Salthammer

2020

Indoor Air

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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. AbstractMany studies have shown that the use of laser printing devices (LPDs) contributes to the release of particles into the indoor environment. However, after more than two decades of research, the physicochemical properties of LPD-emitted particles and the possible health effects from exposure to particles are still heavily debated.We therefore carried out a critical review of the published studies around emissions and health effects of LPD-emitted particles, aiming at elucidating the nature of these particles and their potential health risks. Realizing the varying methodologies of the studies, a classification of the reviewed studies is adopted, resulting in three categories of emission studies (chamber experiment, office/room measurement, and photocopy shop measurement), and three types of health studies (in vitro/animal studies, human studies in the real world, and human studies in controlled settings).The strengths and limitations of each type of study are discussed in-depth, which in turn helps to understand the cause of divergent results. Overall, LPD-emitted particles are mainly condensed or secondary-formed semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), while solid toner particles account for a very small fraction. The health risk from exposure to LPD-emitted particles is small compared with the health risk from exposure to ambient particles. K E Y W O R D S emission, exposure, indoor air quality, laser printer, particulate matter, risk | 397 GU et al.

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“…A study by Betha et al (2011) has identified photocopiers as the potential contributors of indoor air pollution and the presence of UFPs and VOCs in printer emissions, which together represent substantial health risks to the workers (20). Many researchers have reported on the effects of exposure to photocopier towards deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage among operators in the printing centers (21)(22)(23). A study found that photocopier operators who were exposed to nanoparticles (NPs) experienced elevated levels of urinary biomarkers associated with oxidative damage, such as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG; 8-hydroxyguanosine, 8-OHG; and 8-isoprostane; 4-hydroxynonenal, HNE (23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Exposure to Indoor Air Pollutants and Respiratory Health Symptoms among Photocopy Workers in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor

Ghazali,

Jalaludin,

Junaidi

et al. 2023

MJMHS

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Introduction: Indoor air quality (IAQ) has a significant impact on individual well-being, particularly in photocopy industry workers who are exposed to high levels of contaminants. Improper IAQ is linked to various health issues including respiratory symptoms. This study aimed to determine the association between exposure to indoor air pollutants and respiratory health symptoms among photocopy workers in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between exposed and control groups consisted of 76 employees who worked in photocopy premises and 76 employees who worked in offices. A set of questionnaires adapted from the American Thoracic Society was used to collect data on respiratory health symptoms, history of exposure, and socio-demographic background of the employees. Area monitoring was performed using various direct reading devices to measure UFP, PM2.5, PM10, CO, CO2, and TVOCs. Results: In all photocopy centers of exposed group, the mean of PM10 and PM2.5 were at 344.16 µg/m3 and 315.24 µg/m3 (p<0.001), which exceeded the acceptable limit of respirable particulates by ICOP at 150 µg/m3; UFP level at 9068.75 pt/cc (p<0.001); and TVOC at 2.32 ppm (p<0.001), below the limit of 3.0 ppm. High PM10 exposures was reported significantly associated with all respiratory symptoms at p<0.001 (cough OR=3.89 (95% CI=1.00–15.07); phlegm OR=4.82 (95% CI=1.19–14.60); wheezing OR=1.77 (95% CI=1.54–5.79); shortness of breath OR=2.13 (95% CI=0.82–5.55); chest tightness OR=0.37 (95% CI=0.14–0.98)); high PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with all symptoms except for wheezing (cough at p<0.001, OR=6.71 (95% CI=1.41–32.00; phlegm at p<0.001, OR=5.15 (95% CI=1.41–32.00); shortness of breath at p<0.05, OR=2.13 (95% CI=0.85–5.32); and chest tightness at p<0.05, OR=0.37 (95% CI=0.15–0.95); meanwhile high exposure to UFP had significant relationships with shortness of breath at p<0.001, OR=0.66 (95% CI=0.27–1.64) and chest tightness at p<0.001, OR=1.51 (95% CI=0.61–3.74) among respondents. TVOC also had significant relationships with shortness of breath at p<0.001, OR=1.25, 95% CI=0.47–3.35 and chest tightness at p<0.001, OR=1.04, 95% CI=0.23–1.68. Results also showed that symptoms of cough, phlegm and wheezing were influenced by the PM10 and PM2.5 exposure at 49.4% (Nagelkerke R2= 0.494), 60.1% (Nagelkerke R2= 0.601) and 56.3% (Nagelkerke R2=0.563), respectively. However, there were no significant factors that influenced the symptom of shortness of breath and chest tightness among the respondents. Conclusion: This study concluded that exposure to indoor air pollutants increased the risk of respiratory health symptoms among photocopy workers. This study suggests that regular photocopy machine maintenance and daily workplace housekeeping is required, whereas the photocopy workers should be fully trained in terms of technical, health and safety aspects.

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Occupational exposure to photocopiers and their toners cause genotoxicity

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

Assessing the chronic respiratory health risk associated with inhalation exposure to powdered toner for printing in actual working conditions: a cohort study on occupationally exposed workers over 10 years

Assessing the chronic respiratory health risk associated with inhalation exposure to powdered toner for printing in actual working conditions: a cohort study on occupationally exposed workers over 10 years

Review of the characteristics and possible health effects of particles emitted from laser printing devices

Association of Exposure to Indoor Air Pollutants and Respiratory Health Symptoms among Photocopy Workers in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor

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