Occupational Physical Activity and Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

An Exploratory Study on the Physical Activity Health Paradox—Musculoskeletal Pain and Cardiovascular Load during Work and Leisure in Construction and Healthcare Workers

“…The results from our study suggest that the ‘physical activity paradox’ applies even to associations between cardiovascular work intensity and musculoskeletal pain, complementing previous studies of cardiovascular health [ 2 , 3 , 4 ], cancer [ 5 ], and all-cause mortality [ 6 ]. Even though participants spent similar amounts of time in physical activity at work and during leisure (cf.…”

“…While it has consistently been shown that regularly engaging in high-intensity leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is associated with positive health effects, occupational physical activity (OPA) with high intensity is associated with no beneficial, or even negative, health effects. This phenomenon, which is referred to as the ‘physical activity paradox’ [ 1 ], has been shown for various health outcomes such as cardiovascular health [ 2 , 3 , 4 ], some cancers [ 3 , 5 ], sleep quality [ 3 ], and all-cause mortality [ 6 ].…”

Physical activity at work may not be health enhancing. A systematic review with meta-analysis on the association between occupational physical activity and cardiovascular disease mortality covering 23 studies with 655 892 participants

“…The increased risk of all-cause mortality may potentially be caused by other agents and diseases that may co-occur with high levels of occupational physical activity, such as exposure to occupational carcinogens or radiation. A recent review reported a 15% increased risk of lung cancer in men with high occupational physical activity after adjustment for age and smoking ( 61 ). Exposure to various air pollutants at work may increase both cardiovascular, all-cause and cancer mortality among industrial workers with high occupational physical activity levels from low-income blue-collar communities.…”

Association of Balance Function With All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among US Adults

“…Self-reported sociodemographic characteristics included sex, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and other), educational attainment (less than high school, high school, and above high school), and family income (ratio of family income to the federal poverty level: <1.30, 1.30-3.49, or ≥3.5). 20 Lifestyle factors included leisure-time physical activity (inactive vs active, defined as engaging in no or any moderate to vigorous physical activities during the past 30 days at leisure-time), body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared: underweight, <18.5; normal weight, 18.5-24.9; overweight, 25.0-29.9; and obese ≥30.0), smoking status (never, former <20 pack-years, former ≥20 pack-years, former with unknown packyear, current <20 pack-years, and current ≥20 pack-years), alcohol consumption (derived from 24-hour dietary recall interviews: 0, 0.1-4.9, 5.0-14.9, 15.0-29.9, and ≥30.0 g/d), and the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (derived from 24-hour dietary recall interviews). The Healthy Eating Index-2010 indicates the overall dietary quality with a score ranging from 0 (worstquality diet) to 100 (best-quality diet).…”

“…23 History of chronic diseases (heart disease, stroke, cancer, and diabetes) was determined by participants receiving these diagnoses from health professionals or if participants were instructed to take prescribed medications for these conditions. 20…”