Occurence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat from Europe – A Review

Stanciu, Oana; Banc, Roxana; Cozma, Anamaria; Filip, Lorena; Miere, Doina; Mañes, Jordí; Loghin, Felicia

doi:10.1515/aucft-2015-0005

Cited by 42 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Trichothecene mycotoxins, produced most commonly by the fungi Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum , and F. sporotrichioides , often contaminate common cereal grains such as wheat, barley, rye, and oats (Foroud and Eudes, 2009; Stanciu et al, 2015). The most commonly occurring and regulated trichothecene is deoxynivalenol (DON), also called “vomitoxin,” as it induces emesis in multiple species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the emetic potencies of food-borne trichothecenes by benchmark dose methodology

Male

Mitchell

et al. 2016

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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Trichothecene mycotoxins commonly co-contaminate cereal products. They cause immunosuppression, anorexia, and emesis in multiple species. Dietary exposure to such toxins often occurs in mixtures. Hence, if it were possible to determine their relative toxicities and assign toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) to each trichothecene, risk management and regulation of these mycotoxins could become more comprehensive and simple. We used a mink emesis model to compare the toxicities of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin. These toxins were administered to mink via gavage and intraperitoneal injection. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) benchmark dose software was used to determine benchmark doses for each trichothecene. The relative potencies of each of these toxins were calculated as the ratios of their benchmark doses to that of DON. Our results showed that mink were more sensitive to orally administered toxins than to toxins administered by IP. T-2 and HT-2 toxins caused the greatest emetic responses, followed by FX, and then by DON, its acetylated derivatives, and NIV. Although these results provide key information on comparative toxicities, there is still a need for more animal based studies focusing on various endpoints and combined effects of trichothecenes before TEFs can be established.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the emetic potencies of food-borne trichothecenes by benchmark dose methodology

Male

Mitchell

et al. 2016

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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“…Besides these, the producers of this toxin are also F. equiseti and F. cerealis (Bottalico, Perrone, 2002). An important aspect for Fusarium genus is that the same mycotoxin can be produced by different Fusarium species and one species can produce various mycotoxins at once (Stanciu et al, 2015). In Lithuanian conditions, F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae were identified as species capable of producing mycotoxins DON and NIV in wheat grain (Supronienė et al, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cereals account for one-quarter of the EU crop production value and for one-eighth of the total value of its agricultural products (Stanciu et al, 2015). Wheat is often infested by Fusarium species producing mycotoxins, which may pose health risk to humans and animals (Lindblad et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fusarium head blight is one of the most severe diseases of small grain cereals across the world and it is predominantly caused by different Fusarium species and Microdochium nivale (Blandino et al, 2012). FAO estimated that approximately 25% of the cereals produced in the world are contaminated by mycotoxins, but perhaps this value is closer to 50%, if one takes into account emerging mycotoxins of which limited data have been available so far (Stanciu et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fusarium mycotoxin contamination and co-occurrence in Slovak winter wheat grains

Lacko-Bartošová

Remža

Lacko-Bartošová

2017

Zemdirbyste-Agriculture

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The contamination of unprocessed winter wheat grain by mycotoxins was detected on the territory of the Slovak Republic with the focus on primary producers, after the harvest in 2009-2010, 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing periods. Mycotoxin levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was the most common Fusarium toxin, detected in 85% of samples, 2% of samples exceeded the maximum level set by Regulation (EC) 1881/2006. Nivalenol (NIV) was detected in 63% of samples, T-2 toxin -in 73% and HT-2 toxin -in 79%. The mean concentration of DON was 368.4 µg kg -1 , for NIV -34.8 µg kg -1 , for T-2 toxin -38.2 µg kg -1 and for HT-2 toxin -29.9 µg kg -1 . Co-occurrence of DON with NIV was detected in 15.5% of positive samples and their co-occurrence with other mycotoxins represented additional 7.35%. Cooccurrence of DON with zearalenone (ZEA) was detected in 25.9% of positive samples. To prevent the occurrence of mycotoxins at levels considered harmful to human health, a number of measures are needed at different levels, from good agricultural practices, breeding for resistance, to adequate legislation, methods and programs for food control that influence food security.

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“…The DON is a type‐B trichothecene mycotoxin, produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum , and F. culmorum , and is the predominant mycotoxin in the majority of small grain‐producing regions of the world (Machado, Mallmann, Mallmann, Coelho, & Copetti, ). While less toxic than other trichothecene mycotoxins, DON is much more frequently found and at a much higher concentration in small grains, wheat‐based products and mixed animal feed than the more toxic AFB1, T‐2, and FB1 toxins (Benbrook, ; Broda, Hofgaard, Eriksen, Bernhoft, & Sundheim, ; Stanciu et al, ). DON contaminated foods and feeds affects animal and human health, causing diarrhea, vomiting, gastro‐intestinal inflammation, headache, dizziness, fever, and immunomodulation (Kushiro, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A in North Carolina grown organic wheat grains

Mikiashvili

Liang

2019

Journal of Food Safety

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The main safety issue of cereal grains is mycotoxin contamination. There is no published information about mycotoxin contamination of organic wheat in the United States. This study quantified the contents of deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA), two frequently occurring mycotoxins, in organic wheat samples collected from six counties in North Carolina by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By ELISA, all samples were DON and OTA positive, and the DON contents in the flour and bran samples were 0.7–2.35 ppm and 5–8 ppm, respectively, while OTA in the flour and bran samples were 9.54–25.55 ppb and 21.67–32.55 ppb, respectively. By HPLC, the DON detected in flour and bran were 0.24–0.47 ppm and 0.35–0.83 ppm, respectively; all flour samples were OTA negative, but 5 out of 6 bran samples were OTA positive (0.48–1.28 ppb). More studies with larger sample number are needed to obtain representative results. Practical applications This study provides preliminary results about the DON and OTA in organic wheat grains. The results indicate that the organic wheat produced in North Carolina during 2018 season were contaminated by DON and OTA to various degrees. However, the concentrations of these two mycotoxins determined by ELISA were significantly higher than those determined by HPLC. Therefore, to avoid overestimation or underestimation, it is important for researchers and regulatory agencies to conduct multi‐lab studies to develop and standardize analytical methods and detailed procedures for accurate DON and OTA quantification. Regardless of analytical methods, all bran samples showed higher DON and OTA concentrations than flour samples. Thus, when using organic wheat bran or whole wheat as food or feed ingredients, the level of bran inclusion should be controlled to protect consumers and animals from mycotoxicosis.

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Occurence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Wheat from Europe – A Review

Cited by 42 publications

References 71 publications

Modeling the emetic potencies of food-borne trichothecenes by benchmark dose methodology

Modeling the emetic potencies of food-borne trichothecenes by benchmark dose methodology

Fusarium mycotoxin contamination and co-occurrence in Slovak winter wheat grains

Deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A in North Carolina grown organic wheat grains

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