Occurrence and Abundance of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in Rivers, Canal and near Drug Formulation Facilities – A Study in Pakistan

Khan, Ghazanfar Ali; Berglund, Björn; Khan, Khurram Ajaz; Lindgren, Per-Eric; Fick, Jerker

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062712

Cited by 212 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…In general, it could be concluded that non-routine episodes associated with untreated effluents, landfills and medical wastewaters from urban inhabitants would exacerbate the pollution of antibiotics [33,34]. Furthermore, compared with previous studies, the mean CIP concentration for the water samples (169.2 ± 107.9 ng/L) was of similar levels to some other aquatic environments, such as the Wangyang River in China (205.5 ng/L) [35], Lebanese rivers (108 ng/L) [36], and the rivers in Northern Pakistan (110 ng/L) [37]. However, it was far greater than that in the water samples of Seine River (France) [38], Yangtze Estuary (China) [39], and Pearl River (China) [40], as well as other catchments in China (Poyang Lake, Chao Lake, and Liao River) [27,41,42].…”

Section: Antibiotics In the Water Phase Of The Hrdrmentioning

confidence: 51%

Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in a Subtropical River-Reservoir System

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2018

Water

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Antibiotic pollutions in the aquatic environment have attracted widespread attention due to their ubiquitous distribution and antibacterial properties. The occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of 17 common antibiotics in this study were preformed in a vital drinking water source represented as a river-reservoir system in South China. In general, 15 antibiotics were detected at least once in the watershed, with the total concentrations of antibiotics in the water samples ranging from 193.6 to 863.3 ng/L and 115.1 to 278.2 µg/kg in the sediment samples. For the water samples, higher rain runoff may contribute to the levels of total concentration in the river system, while perennial anthropic activity associated with the usage pattern of antibiotics may be an important factor determining similar sources and release mechanisms of antibiotics in the riparian environment. Meanwhile, the reservoir system could act as a stable reactor to influence the level and composition of antibiotics exported from the river system. For the sediment samples, hydrological factor in the reservoir may influence the antibiotic distributions along with seasonal variation. Ecological risk assessment revealed that tetracycline and ciprofloxacin could pose high risks in the aquatic environment. Taken together, further investigations should be performed to elaborate the environmental behaviors of antibiotics in the river-reservoir system, especially in drinking water sources.

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Section: Antibiotics In the Water Phase Of The Hrdrmentioning

confidence: 51%

Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in a Subtropical River-Reservoir System

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2018

Water

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“…This is supported by many studies showing correlations between the dissemination and concentrations of antibiotic resistance genes and the use of antibiotics (2,8,9). It is generally accepted that bacteria readily lose their antibiotic resistance genes in the absence of selective pressures because, in most cases, antibiotic resistance is associated with reduced bacterial fitness due to a decrease in growth rate (41,42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…It is generally thought that the use of antibiotics as human and veterinary medicine or as animal feed additives is a major driving force in the development of antibioticresistant bacteria and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (2)(3)(4). Indeed, high levels of antibiotic resistance genes have been identified in a variety of human-impacted milieus such as wastewater sludge, soils fertilized with manure, and river waters that have been frequently exposed to antibiotics (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Surprisingly, however, many other studies have shown that the widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes are sometimes unrelated to human activities.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Plasmid pEMB1, Whose Toxin-Antitoxin System Stabilizes an Ampicillin Resistance-Conferring β-Lactamase Gene in Escherichia coli, from Natural Environments

Lee¹,

Jin²,

Park³

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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c Non-culture-based procedures were used to investigate plasmids showing ampicillin resistance properties in two different environments: remote mountain soil (Mt. Jeombong) and sludge (Tancheon wastewater treatment plant). Total DNA extracted from the environmental samples was directly transformed into Escherichia coli TOP10, and a single and three different plasmids were obtained from the mountain soil and sludge samples, respectively. Interestingly, the restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern of the plasmid from the mountain soil sample, designated pEMB1, was identical to the pattern of one of the three plasmids from the sludge sample. Complete DNA sequencing of plasmid pEMB1 (8,744 bp) showed the presence of six open reading frames, including a ␤-lactamase gene. Using BLASTX, the orf5 and orf6 genes were suggested to encode a CopG family transcriptional regulator and a plasmid stabilization system, respectively. Functional characterization of these genes using a knockout orf5 plasmid (pEMB1⌬parD) and the cloning and expression of orf6 (pET21bparE) indicated that these genes were antitoxin (parD) and toxin (parE) genes. Plasmid stability tests using pEMB1 and pEMB1⌬parDE in E. coli revealed that the orf5 and orf6 genes enhanced plasmid maintenance in the absence of ampicillin. Using a PCR-based survey, pEMB1-like plasmids were additionally detected in samples from other human-impacted sites (sludge samples) and two other remote mountain soil samples, suggesting that plasmids harboring a ␤-lactamase gene with a ParD-ParE toxin-antitoxin system occurs broadly in the environment. This study extends knowledge about the dissemination and persistence of antibiotic resistance genes in naturally occurring microbial populations.A ntibiotic treatments have been one of the most effective ways to control infectious diseases, but the frequency of detecting bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics from environmental samples has recently increased (1). It is generally thought that the use of antibiotics as human and veterinary medicine or as animal feed additives is a major driving force in the development of antibioticresistant bacteria and the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (2-4). Indeed, high levels of antibiotic resistance genes have been identified in a variety of human-impacted milieus such as wastewater sludge, soils fertilized with manure, and river waters that have been frequently exposed to antibiotics (5-9). Surprisingly, however, many other studies have shown that the widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes are sometimes unrelated to human activities. For example, antibiotic resistance genes have been documented in pristine habitats such as Alaskan soil, Antarctic marine waters, ancient sediment samples, glacier ice cores, and nonagricultural soil (2, 10-15), often in abundances well above trace levels. These findings raise questions about the stable maintenance of antibiotic resistance genes in the absence of human-mediated selective pressures. It should also be noted that s...

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“…13 and 45). We used subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations, which the bacteria are most likely to encounter in natural settings and in host tissues (46)(47)(48)(49). We assessed (i) the impact of antibiotic pressure on the interaction between the two production genotypes and (ii) the consequences for the population response to antibiotics, in particular the evolution of resistance.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic stress selects against cooperation in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Vasse

Noble

Akhmetzhanov

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Cheats are a pervasive threat to public goods production in natural and human communities, as they benefit from the commons without contributing to it. Although ecological antagonisms such as predation, parasitism, competition, and abiotic environmental stress play key roles in shaping population biology, it is unknown how such stresses generally affect the ability of cheats to undermine cooperation. We used theory and experiments to address this question in the pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although public goods producers were selected against in all populations, our competition experiments showed that antibiotics significantly increased the advantage of nonproducers. Moreover, the dominance of nonproducers in mixed cultures was associated with higher resistance to antibiotics than in either monoculture. Mathematical modeling indicates that accentuated costs to producer phenotypes underlie the observed patterns. Mathematical analysis further shows how these patterns should generalize to other taxa with public goods behaviors. Our findings suggest that explaining the maintenance of cooperative public goods behaviors in certain natural systems will be more challenging than previously thought. Our results also have specific implications for the control of pathogenic bacteria using antibiotics and for understanding natural bacterial ecosystems, where subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials frequently occur.evolution | cooperation | antibiotics | social behavior | resistance P ublic goods production is a characteristic of a diverse range of taxa, from microbes to humans (1-3). Explaining the persistence of this costly behavior is challenging, because cheats can exploit the commons without contributing. Kin selection theory has proven to be a successful framework for addressing this question, with the central prediction that cooperation is favored by sufficient benefits to, and positive assortment between, cooperators (4-8). For example, recent study in experimental bacterial populations has elucidated mechanisms such as assortment emerging from limited or budding dispersal (9, 10) and kin discrimination (11, 12) that are consistent with kin selection fostering cooperative behaviors (e.g., refs. 8 and 13). However, despite this accumulating consensus, little is known about how social populations respond to differences and variation in abiotic and biotic components of their environment. In particular, it is unclear how ecological antagonisms affect the ability of cheats to invade cooperator communities.Cooperation can be affected by stress directly through differential selection on cooperative phenotypes (14, 15), or by inducing specific plastic behaviors (16-22), especially when cooperation leads to increased stress resistance. However, in the absence of a direct benefit of the cooperative behavior against stress, the ecological and evolutionary outcomes of the interactions between nondefensive public goods and stress responses are less clear and are potentially complex. Cooperation may be infl...

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Occurrence and Abundance of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in Rivers, Canal and near Drug Formulation Facilities – A Study in Pakistan

Cited by 212 publications

References 49 publications

Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in a Subtropical River-Reservoir System

Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in a Subtropical River-Reservoir System

Recovery of Plasmid pEMB1, Whose Toxin-Antitoxin System Stabilizes an Ampicillin Resistance-Conferring β-Lactamase Gene in Escherichia coli, from Natural Environments

Antibiotic stress selects against cooperation in the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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