Occurrence and air–soil exchange of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls at a CAWNET background site in central China: Implications for influencing factors and fate

Zhan, Lingxi; Lin, Tian; Wang, Zuwu; Cheng, Zhu; Zhang, Gan; Lyu, Xiaopu; Cheng, Hairong

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.003

Cited by 35 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The comparison of concentrations of PCBs in the current study with those in previous measurements is shown in Table S7. The atmospheric levels of indicator PCBs reported in this study were higher than those observed at other background sites in central China and southwest China , but lower than that measured over the northern South China Sea …”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 85%

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High Abundance of Unintentionally Produced Tetrachlorobiphenyls (PCB47/48/75, 51, and 68) in the Atmosphere at a Regional Background Site in East China

Mao

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Although polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been banned for several decades, they are still detected with elevated levels due to their unintentional production from combustion and industrial thermal processes (UP-PCBs). To investigate the composition and current levels of UP-PCBs and understand which sources are controlling PCB burdens in ambient atmosphere, air samples were collected from August 2012 to August 2015 at a background site in east China. An unexpected high abundance of PCB47+48+75 was observed to be the predominant congener with an average concentration of 786 ± 637 pg/m3. It accounted for 48 ± 16% of ΣPCBs, followed by PCB51 (10 ± 4%), PCB11 (8 ± 6%), and PCB68 (7 ± 3%). Seasonal variations with high levels in summer and lowest levels in winter were observed for PCB47+48+75, 51, and 68. These tetrachlorobiphenyl congeners were strongly correlated with temperature (r 2 > 0.7), suggesting the control of temperature-dependent volatilization processes from contaminated surfaces. The decreased occurrence of PCB47+48+75, 51, and 68 in commercial products and their negative correlations (|r| < 0.35) with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and weak correlation with other PCB congeners suggested unique unintentional sources that differ from combustion and industrial thermal processes or pigment, such as the use of polymer sealant, for PCB47+48+75, 51, and 68 in the ambient air.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 85%

“…The atmospheric levels of indicator PCBs reported in this study were higher than those observed at other background sites in central China and southwest China 15,16 but lower than that measured over the northern South China Sea. 17 The average congener profile is presented in Figure 1.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodscontrasting

confidence: 84%

High Abundance of Unintentionally Produced Tetrachlorobiphenyls (PCB47/48/75, 51, and 68) in the Atmosphere at a Regional Background Site in East China

Mao

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…54 The heptachlor source could also possibly contribute to TC, as its technical product in North America was found to be contaminated with 18−22% TC but only 2% with CC. 55 Similarly, a high ratio of TC/CC (>1.2 of technical chlordane) was also recently observed in the air of other Chinese regions 56,57 and foreign countries, such as Vietnam. 44 HCB.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

DDT, Chlordane, and Hexachlorobenzene in the Air of the Pearl River Delta Revisited: A Tale of Source, History, and Monsoon

Tian

Zhao

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Although organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been banned for more than three decades, their concentrations have only decreased gradually. This may be largely attributable to their environmental persistence, illegal application, and exemption usage. This study assessed the historic and current regional context for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which were added to the Stockholm Convention in 2001. An air sampling campaign was carried out in 2018 in nine cities of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), where the historical OCP application was the most intensive in China. Different seasonalities were observed: DDT exhibited higher concentrations in summer than in winter; chlordane showed less seasonal variation, whereas HCB was higher in winter. The unique coupling of summer monsoon with DDT-infused paint usage, winter monsoon with HCB-combustion emission, and local chlordane emission jointly presents a dynamic picture of these OCPs in the PRD air. We used the BETR Global model to back-calculate annual local emissions, which accounted for insignificant contributions to the nationally documented production (<1‰). Local emissions were the main sources of p,p’-DDT and chlordane, while ocean sources were limited (<4%). This study shows that geographic–anthropogenic factors, including source, history, and air circulation pattern, combine to affect the regional fate of OCP compounds.

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“…The logKow values of PCBs and OCPs ranged between 3 and 10 ( Wang et al 2017a). This means that they easily combine with organic matter and enter the soil and sediment through river inputs, surface erosion, and atmospheric deposition (Zhan et al 2017). However, the accumulation of PCBs and OCPs in soils and sediment means that they could be re-emitted into water, the atmosphere, and crops, and could enter https://doi.org/10.17221/50/2019-SWR the human body through the food chain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, studying PCBs and OCPs in sediments and soils is important when attempting to protect the environment. It is particularly important to reveal their source and transformation processes (Zhan et al 2017;Nguyen et al 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations and sources of persistent organochlorine residues in the sediments and soils from an industrially impacted area in Anhui, China

Yang¹,

Zhao²,

Zhen³

et al. 2020

Soil & Water Res.

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In this study, a typical site that had been contaminated by the chemical industry in the past was selected for investigation. To reveal the pollution status, 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface soil and sediment samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The levels of the persistent organochlorine residues in the sediment ranged from 44.59–143.29 ng/g, whereas they were 13.94–97.91 ng/g in the soil. A principal component analysis identified that PCBs and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were the primary sources of the organochlorine residues in the study area. The p,p'-DDT/(p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD) values were all below 1, which indicated that the historical inputs of the technical DDT and dicofol were the major sources of DDTs rather than recent inputs. The composition diversity of the hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers showed that the main sources in the soil were the past use of pesticides, whereas the sediment sources might be due to the historical use of technical HCHs and recent lindane inputs. The ecological risk assessment showed that γ-HCH could pose the highest risks for benthic organisms, followed by DDTs and heptachlor epoxide. These compounds are known to bio-accumulate in fatty tissues. Therefore, routine monitoring of the persistent organochlorine residues in the area is needed and the health risks to local residents should be assessed.

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Occurrence and air–soil exchange of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls at a CAWNET background site in central China: Implications for influencing factors and fate

Cited by 35 publications

References 46 publications

High Abundance of Unintentionally Produced Tetrachlorobiphenyls (PCB47/48/75, 51, and 68) in the Atmosphere at a Regional Background Site in East China

High Abundance of Unintentionally Produced Tetrachlorobiphenyls (PCB47/48/75, 51, and 68) in the Atmosphere at a Regional Background Site in East China

DDT, Chlordane, and Hexachlorobenzene in the Air of the Pearl River Delta Revisited: A Tale of Source, History, and Monsoon

Concentrations and sources of persistent organochlorine residues in the sediments and soils from an industrially impacted area in Anhui, China

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