Occurrence and Anti-microbial Susceptibility Pattern of Extended Spectrum Beta‑Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Waste Water Released from Governmental Hospital of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Abstract

Background Worldwide, come out and dissemination of Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Enterobacteriaceae has been warning the efficacy of antibiotics to treat an infection. Hospital wastewaters were a reservoir of such kind of resistant bacteria. Currently, the predominant antibiotics used for the treatment of hospitalized patients infected by Gram negative bacteria are the 𝛽-lactam antibiotics. So it is an important source to investigate the magnitude of ESBLs producing bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of ESBLs producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBLs-pE) and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in wastewater released from five governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out from April 1 to May 31, 2020. A total of 100 wastewaters were collected from five governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa using a grap-sampling technique. All Enterobacteriaceae were screened for ESBLs production using cefotaxime and ceftazidime as per 29th CLSI guideline. Each screen positive for ESBLs production was confirmed by the combination disk method (CDT) and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern were done using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar (MHA). Data were entered and summarized using SPSS version 20 software. Results Of all Enterobacteriaceae, 48.3% were confirmed ESBLs-pE. The highest ratio of ESBLs-PE was observed in adult ward (66.7%) and laundry unit effluent (58.8%). The highest ESBL producers were E. coli (21.8%) and K. pneumoniae (4.8%). The most elevated resistance level of ESBL producer were observed to cefotaxime (95.8%) and amoxacilline/clavunalate (93%). 64% of tested Enterobacteriaceae isolates were multi drug resistant (MDR). Conclusion Higher magnitude of MDR and ESBLs-pE were present in the hospital wastewater. Majority of them were in adult ward and laundry unit effluents. The most frequent ESBLs-pE was among E .coli and K. pneumoniae. Hence, Consistent infection prevention and control procedures should be in practice at each ward/unit.

Seasonal Variation in Physico-chemical Characteristics of Wastewater from Domestic Treatment Plant

“…The unit of measurement for electrical conductivity is expressed in Siemens per centimetre (S/cm) or milli Siemens per centimetre (mS/cm). Water conductivity is mainly attributed to the dissolved ions liberated from the decomposed plant matter and input of inorganic and organic wastes(mS/cm) (Kebede 2013).…”

Extraction and Characterization of Natural Coagulant Made from Banana Plant Stems (Musa acuminate) for the Removal of Turbidity from Wastewater

“…Therefore, according to Owoicho et al [24] and Bari et al [21], study pH of 7, extraction time of 50 min, and a dose of 100 mg/l were selected. 100 mg/l of banana stem coagulant was applied, and the solution underwent 3 min of quick mixing at 180 rpm, 20 min of extraction time at 10 rpm, and 30 min of settling, according to Kakoi et al [5] and according to Kebede et al [3]; in each jar test experiment, one of the six jars received no treatment, serving as a control for the comparison of coagulation efficiency for all other jars. The following equation was then used to determine coagulation activity:…”

“…Natural coagulants have many benefits, including reducing sludge build-up, low cost, control over pH variations, nontoxicity, and environmental friendliness. Okra, the nirmali plant, banana stem juice, tamarind powder, and other coagulants have been used in exploratory analyses on their effectiveness in water purification [3,4].…”