Occurrence and biochemistry of lipoteichoic acids in the genus Listeria

Ruhland, G. J.; Fiedler, F.

doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(87)80054-1

Cited by 46 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…grayi and L . murrayi constitute a homogenous taxon, confirming the significant genomic and phenotypic similarities that have been reported since 1973 (1,2,9,10,16,21,22,26). On grounds of priority, this taxon should be named L .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Assignment of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a Single Species, Listeria grayi, with a Revised Description of Listeria grayi

Rocourt

Boerlin

Grimont

et al. 1992

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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The genomic relatedness between Listeria gruyi and Listenu murruyi was reevaluated by using DNA-DNA hybridization, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and rRNA restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The high levels of similarity observed between the strains of these two species confirmed the data published since 1973 and indicated that they should be considered members of a single species. On grounds of priority, the species should be named L. gruyi. and subsequently proposed that they should be placed in a single species (22). However, this proposal was not put into effect on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names (20), nor was it validated by a subsequent publication, possibly because Stuart and Welshimer (22) proposed exclusion of these two species from the genus Listeria and their transfer to a new genus, "Murraya," as "Murraya grayi subsp. gruyi" and "Murraya grayi subsp. murrayi" (22). DNA-The close relationship between these two species has been shown by numerical taxonomic analyses, which grouped them as a single distinct cluster with a level of similarity of 85 to 90% (6, 26), as well as by multilocus enzyme analysis (2). Furthermore, the sharing of specific chemotaxonomic properties distinguish these organisms from other members of the genus Listeria and support their close relationship; they have the same DNA base composition values (6, 21), produce similar electropherograms for whole-cell proteins (lo), and exhibit identical substitutions of the lipoteichoic acids (16) and a common antigenic structure (17), with small differences in 0 factors (23). Finally, the two species have been distinguished from each other only on the basis of nitrate reduction data (18).In this study we thoroughly reexamined the genomic distance between L . grayi and L . murrayi in order to evaluate whether these two taxa should be retained. To do this, we used the following three methods: DNA-DNA hybridization, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and rRNA gene restriction fragment length polymorphism. * Corresponding author. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains. The designations and sources of the five strains of L . grayi and the five strains of L . murrayi used in this study are shown in Table 1. These organisms were identified by using well-recognized biochemical markers (18).DNA-DNA hybridization. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments were performed as previously described (13), except that we used the procedure described below to lyse the bacteria. The growth from six Roux flasks that were incubated for 48 h at 37°C and contained 150 ml of Columbia agar was harvested, washed in 20 ml of 0.1 x SSC ( l x SSC is 0.15 M NaCl plus 0.015 M trisodium citrate, pH 7.0), and incubated for 1 h at 37°C in 5 ml of a lysozyme solution (0.01 M sodium phosphate-20% sucrose [pH 71 containing 12 mg of lysozyme [Applighe, France]). Then we added 40 ml of a proteinase K solution (10 mM Tris-HC1 [pH 81, 1 mM EDTA, 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 20 mg of proteinase K [Appligihe]), and the mixture was incubated for 2 h at 37°C. The DNA wa...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Assignment of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a Single Species, Listeria grayi, with a Revised Description of Listeria grayi

Rocourt

Boerlin

Grimont

et al. 1992

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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“…We chose not to use this approach to achieve D-alanine independence of the ⌬dal ⌬dat strain. First, the synthesis of cell wall components in a growing population of L. monocytogenes cells requires abundant D-alanine, both for peptidoglycan formation (27) and for lipoteichoic acid synthesis (1,40). We surmised that a single copy of the B. subtilis dal gene controlled by the fairly weak SPAC/lacOid promoter would not satisfy this need.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We previously sought to generate an attenuated strain that could enter the host cell cytosol but would have limited growth potential there. We reported the first description of a conditional lethal strain of L. monocytogenes with deletions of the dal and dat genes (⌬dal ⌬dat), attenuated by virtue of deletions in the two genes nec-essary for the synthesis of D-alanine, a rare amino acid required for listerial peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid formation (15,27,40). This deletion bacterium has potential use as a vaccine vector because D-alanine is found only in trace quantities in vertebrate animals; therefore, the bacterium can survive only as long as D-alanine is supplied exogenously (49).…”

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confidence: 99%

Conditional Lethality Yields a New Vaccine Strain ofListeria monocytogenesfor the Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity

Zhao

Higgins

et al. 2005

Infect Immun

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Vaccinology is the most cost effective and efficacious of medical interventions for the eradication or management of many infectious diseases. The generation of a cellular immune response is key to survival against a variety of viral and intracellular bacterial pathogens and cancer. Therefore, the development of safe vaccines capable of inducing strong cellular immunity continues to be a pressing challenge for medicine. We have explored the use of an attenuated strain of Listeria monocytogenes as a novel live vaccine vector for this purpose. L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive intracellular bacterial pathogen whose genome has been fully sequenced (22), greatly facilitating detailed studies of its biochemistry, genetics, and physiology and contributing to the existing wealth of knowledge of its adjuvant properties and immunogenicity.Since the early work of Mackaness in the 1960s (30), L. monocytogenes has been studied extensively as a paradigm for understanding innate and cell-mediated immunity. The organism can enter phagocytic cells through Fc receptors or type I macrophage scavenger receptors (12, 48) and can invade nonphagocytic cells by the interaction of the bacterial surface proteins InlA (16) and InlB (18) with their cognate host cell receptors. Following internalization by phagocytic cells, the majority of engulfed organisms are degraded in the phagosome (11). However, listeriolysin O (LLO), a pore-forming cytolysin, and PI-PLC, a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, mediate permeabilization of the phagosomal membrane, enabling a fraction of the organisms to enter the host cell cytosol (9,31,38,45). Subsequently, proteins secreted by the organism can be delivered directly into the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway of antigen processing and presentation (2, 5). Mutants of L. monocytogenes unable to enter the cytosol are avirulent. These bacteria fail to stimulate protective immunity in mice, and cells infected by such mutants are not recognized by L. monocytogenes-immune CD8 ϩ T cells (7, 34). Conversely, mice infected with sublethal doses of wildtype bacteria develop long-lasting immunity, mediated predominantly by CD8 ϩ T cells (13,29). This unique property of L. monocytogenes makes it attractive as a potential live vaccine vector, and recombinant strains expressing foreign antigens have successfully protected mice against lymphocytic choriomeningitis (23, 44), papillomavirus (26) and influenza virus (25) infections, and tumor challenge (24,36,37).Because of the potential use of this organism as a vaccine vector for protection against infectious diseases and cancer, the safety of L. monocytogenes is a critical issue. While infections by L. monocytogenes are fairly rare and can readily be controlled by a number of antibiotics, the organism can cause meningitis and death, particularly in immunocompromised or pregnant patients. A vaccine strain of L. monocytogenes should therefore be avirulent but immunogenic. We previously sought to generate an attenuated strain that could e...

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“…Structurally, they are the lowest homologue of the respective LTA and are thought to be the first intermediate in LTA biosynthesis (see review by Fischer, 1990). Although listerial LTA contain Gal(a1-2)Ptd-6Glc (a1 -3)acyl,Gro as a second lipid anchor (Uchikawa et al, 1986;Ruhland & Fiedler, 1987;Fischer et al, 1990), phosphatidyl derivatives of the glycolipid and GroP-glycolipid were not detectable. Such derivatives, namely Glc(a 1 -2)Ptd-GGlc(a 1 -3)acyl,Gro (Fischer et al, 1973b) and sn-Gro-1 -P-GGlc(a 1 -2)Ptd6Glc(a1-3)acyl2Gro (Fischer & Landgraf, 1979, have been isolated from enterococci, which, like listeriae, possess a phosphatidylglycolipid-anchored LTA species (Fischer, 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The glyceroglycolipid of L. monocytogenes was shown to possess the structure Gal(a1-2)Glc(al-3)acy12Gro (Deroo, 1969), and this glycolipid was also identified as one of the two lipid anchors of lipoteichoic acid (LTA); the other is Gal(a1-2)Ptd-GGlc(a1-3)acy12Gro, a phosphatidyl derivative of the glyceroglycolipid (Hether & Jackson, 1983, Uchikawa et al, 1986Ruhland & Fiedler, 1987;Fischer et al, 1990). All species of the genus Listeria possess poly(g1ycerophosphate)-containing LTA (Ruhland & Fiedler, 1987). The glycerophosphate (GroP) units of the hydrophilic chains in part are substituted at 0 -2 with D-alanyl esters and, in most species, D-alanyl esters alternate with a-D-galactopyranosyl residues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polar lipids of four listeria species containing L-lysylcardiolipin, a novel lipid structure, and other unique phospholipids

Fischer

Leopold²

1999

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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The membrane I ipids of Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria seeligeri and Listeria welshimeri were fractionated on DEAE-cellulose and purified b y chromatography on silica gel and/or preparative TLC. The lipid structures were elucidated by chemical and chromatographic means. The polar lipid composition of the four listeria species was similar. Phospholipids predominated. They consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, L-lysylphosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin [bis(phosphatidyl)glycerol] and L-lysylcardiolipin. A phospholipid more polar than cardiolipin, possibly two ~-l y s y l derivatives of it, sn-glycero-l-phosphoglycolipid, its D-alanyl derivative, and polyprenol phosphate were also detected. Towards the end of exponential growth, the relative amounts of cardiolipin and L-lysylcardiolipin increased, approaching 47-78 YO lipid phosphorus with a ratio of L-lysylcardiolipin to cardiolipin of 0-25-1-6. As shown by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, cardiolipin and L-lysylcardiolipin consisted of five molecular species due to various fatty acid combinations. L-Lysylcardiolipin has so far not been found in nature. It belongs to the recently discovered class of substituted cardiolipins. Its occurrence in the four listeria species tested shows that it is a characteristic lipid component of the L. monocytogenes line of descent. Further studies on the lipid pattern of members of the other descent line are required to decide whether lysylcardiolipin can serve as a genus-specif ic chemotaxonomic marker for listeriae.

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Occurrence and biochemistry of lipoteichoic acids in the genus Listeria

Cited by 46 publications

References 32 publications

Assignment of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a Single Species, Listeria grayi, with a Revised Description of Listeria grayi

Assignment of Listeria grayi and Listeria murrayi to a Single Species, Listeria grayi, with a Revised Description of Listeria grayi

Conditional Lethality Yields a New Vaccine Strain ofListeria monocytogenesfor the Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity

Polar lipids of four listeria species containing L-lysylcardiolipin, a novel lipid structure, and other unique phospholipids

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