Occurrence and distribution of organophosphate ester flame retardants in indoor dust and their potential health exposure risk

Abstract

The occurrence and distribution of 10 organophosphate ester (OP) flame retardants/plasticizers were studied in indoor dust collected in 2 districts of Wuhan City. Total concentrations of the 10 OPs (ΣOPs) varied from 86.5 to 6389 ng/g in 26 dust samples in Caidian District and from 300 to 10 186 ng/g in 27 samples in Jiang'an District. In most dust samples tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate was dominant over the other OPs, with concentrations of 9.14 to 2722 ng/g (mean 388 ng/g) in Caidian District and 57.3 to 3718 ng/g (mean 616 ng/g) in Jiang'an District. The calculated hazard indices, based on estimated exposure dose via dust ingestion to the reference dose, were much lower than 1. The results suggested that the inhabitants in the 2 regions were at low risk of exposure through dust ingestion. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:345-352. © 2017 SETAC.

Determination of organophosphate ester flame retardants in indoor dust and their potential health exposure risk

“…[34] Therefore, the content of TCEP noticed substantially low compared to other studies in the world but it was still presented in the survey locations. [30] TBEP is a crucial additive in wax, floor polishing products and waterproof paper, and thus it was observed most of the samples at relatively high concentrations (except for). A number of similar studies also had discovered a strict correlation between TBEP content and wooden floor in Japan and China.…”

“…Likewise, the average TCPP content in this study was 2.689 times lower than that in the study of Zeng et al (5.474 g/g) recorded in Wuhan City. [30]…”

“…Likewise, the average TCPP content in this study was 2.689 times lower than that in the study of Zeng et al (5.474 g/g) recorded in Wuhan City. [30] Figure 1: OPEs content in indoor dust in Hanoi As mentioned above, OPEs are discovered everywhere in indoor dust around the world because their consumption has been increasing when PBDEs has gradually eliminated. This increasing leads to serious concerns related to indoor environmental pollution owning to negatively potential effects of OPEs on human health.…”

Tri-n-butyl phosphate inhibits neurogenesis and motor functions during embryonic development in zebrafish

“…Further, in nuclear industries, TBP is used as a solvent to extract uranium, plutonium, and thorium (Kalinowski & Meppen, 2011; WHO 1991, 1991). The global use index of OPEs was 465,000 tons in 2006 (van der Veen & de Boer, 2012), which raised to 680,000 tons in 2015, with an increased usage rate of 7.9% annually (Zeng, Wu, et al, 2018). Reports suggested the presence of OPEs in water (Reemtsma et al, 2008), sediments (Zeng, Hu, et al, 2018), drinking water (Ding et al, 2015), indoor dust (Hoffman et al, 2015), and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent (Marklund et al, 2005; Sundkvist et al, 2010).…”

Microplastics in freshwater sediments: Analytical methods, temporal trends, and risk of associated organophosphate esters as exemplar plastics additives

“…Organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are used both as flame retardants and as plasticizers are one of the most important and widely-used plastic additives (Herrera et al 2003;Wang 2000). Chlorinated OPEs such as tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) are mostly used as flame retardants, while the non-chlorinated alkyl-, arylphosphates are often used as industrial lubricants and as plasticizers (Zeng et al 2018). OPEs have been associated with serious health and environmental concerns (Table 1).…”