Occurrence and Distribution of the Trematode, Collyriclum faba (Bremser) in Birds

Abstract

FARNER AND MORGAN, Collyriclum faba in Birds 't21 1944-s OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TREMATODE, COLLYRICLUM FABA (BREMSER) IN BIRDS THE trematode, Collyriclum faba, has been reported from two orders, thirteen families, 24 genera, and 26 species of birds. This fluke occurs in cysts in the skin, primarily around the vent. The purpose of this paper is to record a new host occurrence, give a brief review of the literature, and present a complete parasite-host list with its geographical distribution. It is hoped that this report may stimulate research and observations leading to the solution of the life cycle of C. faba. Collyriclum [aba, a trematode of the subclass Digenea, order Prosostomata, suborder Distomata and family Troglotrematidae, has been known for more than a century. It was originally described as Monostoma [aba by Schmalz (1831) on the basis of descriptions and drawings made by S. Thom. von Soemmerring and Guilielmi Soemmerring from specimens collected by Bremser from Parus major near Vienna, Austria; descriptions and drawings sent in by Bremser from Phylloscopus sibilatrix collected in June, 1823, near Vienna, Austria; and from descriptions by Prof. Fischer, Vienna, of specimens collected from Motacilla cinerea. In his letter to Schmalz in 1823, Bremser refers to the parasite as Monostoma geminure. It appears that Schmalz based his descriptions on the material submitted to him from these three sources; named it M. faba, and gave credit to Bremser, apparently because he was the first to observe the parasite. Miescher (1838) described a trematode, M. bijugum, which Seibold (1839) recognized to be synonymous with M. faba. A good account of this may be found in the treatise of Dujardin (1845). Rolando (1841) created the genus Globularia as the genus Monostoma was becoming unwieldy. Cobbold (1860) placed faba in the genus Wedlia. Odhner (1907) excluded the species faba from Wedlia. Kossack (1911)

Collyriclosis in Central European hirundines

“…Only studies involving more than 100 birds examined or more than one bird infected are included in this table countries, whereas the vast sample of barn swallows and sand martins examined in the other Eurasian countries did not turn in any single positive finding, supporting the hypothesis claiming Central Europe to be the major area of C. faba occurrence in Europe. Somewhat controversial is, whether C. faba occurs more frequently in younger hosts as found by Jegen (1917), Riley (1931), Farner and Morgan (1944), Literák and Sitko (1997), and Literák et al (2003) who suggest that the pulli or juveniles are infected through the food brought to the nest by the parents. However, Blankespoor et al (1985) reported absence of C. faba cysts on nestlings and lower ratio of infected juveniles compared to adults.…”

“…It has been suggested that the parasite is limited to certain geographical regions (Farner and Morgan 1944), which were thought to be restricted to Central Europe, Northeastern USA (MD, NJ, MA), and North Central USA (WI, MI, MN). However, later research confirmed that the species is distributed through Eurasia, from Kuril Islands to France, and through Americas, stretching from Massachusetts to California, and as far South as to Panama and Argentina (Sharpilo and Loskot 1967;Speich 1971;Stunkard 1971;Kirmse 1987;Literák et al 2003).…”

A Prepared Mind—Ernest Edward Tyzzer's Legacy of Research into Avian Diseases

“…It is now known that Tyzzer's examples were indeed C. faba, which parasitizes a very wide range of birds, mostly passerines but also domestic poultry (34,78,79), although its definitive life cycle remains unknown (31,64). Tyzzer provided a detailed description of the fluke, correcting and expanding observations of previous authors and paying special attention to the reproductive system, the fertilization process, and the development of the ova, which he suggested might be released from the parasitophorous cysts into the water when birds were bathing.…”

Collyriclum faba (Digenea: Collyriclidae) in migrant Phylloscopus trochilus(Aves: Sylvidae) in Egypt: the first record of the parasite on the African continent

“…Collyriclum faba has been reported from many species of birds in Europe, Asia, and North, Central, and South America (Farner and Morgan, 1944;Stunkard, 1971;Kirmse, 1987;Literák et al, 2003;Literák and Sitko, 2006;Heneberg et al, 2011;Literák et al, 2011); it has never been reported from Africa before. At the place where the infected specimen was found, P. trochilus was not a breeding species, which meant that it was migrating from central/northern Europe to its winter quarters located in the central and southern parts of Africa (Moreau, 1972).…”

“…The only available reports about the hosting of C. faba by a willow warbler dates from 8 June 1831 in southern Germany (Farner and Morgan, 1944) and from 15 May 1961 in the former Soviet Union (BykhovskayaPavlovskaya and Khotenovsky, 1964).…”