Occurrence and fate of endotoxin activity at drinking water purification plants and healthcare facilities in Japan

Application ofin vitrobioassays for water quality monitoring in three drinking water treatment plants using different treatment processes including biological treatment, nanofiltration and ozonation coupled with disinfection

“…37 While treatment processes such as sand filtration and ozonation are expected to reduce the endotoxin concentration, biological treatment can increase the endotoxin levels in water. 38 Therefore, the observed NF-κB response may be due to coextracted endotoxins, though further testing is needed to confirm this hypothesis.…”

In vitro assessment of mixed matrix hemodialysis membrane for achieving endotoxin-free dialysate combined with high removal of uremic toxins from human plasma

“…Comparing to commercial hemodialyzers, which contain 1-2 m 2 of membrane, our results show the advantage of applying the MMM in portable and WAK systems. Finally, the endotoxins concentrations found in tap water are reported in the range of 1-30 EU/mL, with 7-8 EU/mL the most common concentrations [51][52][53], therefore one could anticipate that the MMM could be suitable for artificial kidneys and WAK using tap water.…”

Low-grade inflammation causes gap junction-coupled cell dysfunction throughout the body, which can lead to the spread of systemic inflammation

“…Endotoxins have been detected in 800 Swedish tap water samples, which gave rise to symptoms such as pneumonitis [22]. Endotoxin activity has also been observed in drinking water at healthcare facilities in Japan [23].…”