Occurrence and Fate of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Selected Wastewater Systems across Durban Metropolis, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Bakare, Babatunde Femi; Adeyinka, Gbadebo Clement

doi:10.3390/ijerph19116769

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…The New Germany wastewater treatment work (NGWWT) is located at Unit 2 Devon Centre, Durban, 15 Devon Rd, New Germany. More details about the site locations and map are provided elsewhere by Bakare and Adeyinka [25].…”

Section: Description Of the Study Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Potential Health Risks of Selected Heavy Metals across Four Wastewater Treatment Water Works in Durban, South Africa

Bakare

Adeyinka

2022

Toxics

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Poor and inadequate sanitation systems have been considered not only a human health issue, but also an environmental threat that instigates climate change. Nine heavy metals—arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)—were evaluated in influent and effluent water samples from four wastewater treatment plants in the Durban metropolis, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The results indicate that the mean concentrations of all the heavy metals in the influent samples ranged from 0.122 to 1.808 mg/L, while the effluent samples had a concentration ranging from 0.118 to 0.854 mg/L. Iron was found to be in the highest concentration and the concentration of Co was the lowest across the wastewater treatment plants. The levels for most of the heavy metals in this study were found to be above the recommended maximum concentrations in surface and effluent waters as stipulated by the World Health Organization, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Food and Agriculture Organization, and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa. According to the toxicity effect due to non-carcinogenic risks, As, Pb, Cr, and Cd are considered to be of medium risk in this study, indicating that a probable adverse health risk is very likely to occur. Additionally, the cancer risk (RI) values were lower than 10−3, which shows that cancer development is very likely in individuals who are exposed. Cancer development associated with dermal absorption is quite negligible; thereby, it does not raise any concerns.

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Section: Description Of the Study Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Potential Health Risks of Selected Heavy Metals across Four Wastewater Treatment Water Works in Durban, South Africa

Bakare

Adeyinka

2022

Toxics

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“…A variety of different chemicals or biologicals can act as biomarkers for WBE, and there may be more than one potential biomarker for a given HD. For example, AMR in a community can be evaluated using a range of different types of biomarkers, including antimicrobial chemicals, 41 , 42 antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, 16 and AMR genes. 17 For infectious diseases, the disease-causing organism (e.g., poliovirus 12 , 43 ) or its genomic material (e.g., DNA of Mycobacterium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework for Public Health Authorities to Evaluate Health Determinants for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology

Eaton

Coxon

Pattis

et al. 2022

Environ Health Perspect

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Background: Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is rapidly developing as a powerful public health tool. It can provide information about a wide range of health determinants (HDs), including community exposure to environmental hazards, trends in consumption of licit and illicit substances, spread of infectious diseases, and general community health. As such, the list of possible candidate HDs for WBE is almost limitless. Consequently, a means to evaluate and prioritize suitable candidates for WBE is useful, particularly for public health authorities, who often face resource constraints. Objectives: We have developed a framework to assist public health authorities to decide what HDs may be appropriate for WBE and what biomarkers could be used. This commentary reflects the experience of the authors, who work at the interface of research and public health implementation. Discussion: To be suitable for WBE, a candidate HD should address a public health or scientific issue that would benefit from better understanding at the population level. For HDs where information on individual exposures or stratification by population subgroups is required, WBE is less suitable. Where other methodologies are already used to monitor the candidate HD, consideration must be given to whether WBE could provide better or complementary information to the current approach. An essential requirement of WBE is a biomarker specific for the candidate HD. A biomarker in this context refers to any human-excreted chemical or biological that could act as an indicator of consumption or exposure to an environmental hazard or of the human health state. Suitable biomarkers should meet several criteria outlined in this commentary, which requires background knowledge for both the biomarker and the HD. An evaluation tree summarizing key considerations for public health authorities when assessing the suitability of candidate HDs for WBE and an example evaluation are presented. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11115

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“…The tolerable concentration of products containing TCS is set at approximately between 0.2 and 0.3%. [16] South Korea Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA)…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials for Removal of Phenolic Derivatives from Water Systems: Progress and Future Outlooks

Ramírez-Hernández,

Cox,

Thomas

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Environmental pollution remains one of the most challenging problems facing society worldwide. Much of the problem has been caused by human activities and increased usage of various useful chemical agents that inadvertently find their way into the environment. Triclosan (TCS) and related phenolic compounds and derivatives belong to one class of such chemical agents. In this work, we provide a mini review of these emerging pollutants and an outlook on the state-of-the-art in nanostructured adsorbents and photocatalysts, especially nanostructured materials, that are being developed to address the problems associated with these environmental pollutants worldwide. Of note, the unique properties, structures, and compositions of mesoporous nanomaterials for the removal and decontamination of phenolic compounds and derivatives are discussed. These materials have a great ability to scavenge, adsorb, and even photocatalyze the decomposition of these compounds to mitigate/prevent their possible harmful effects on the environment. By designing and synthesizing them using silica and titania, which are easier to produce, effective adsorbents and photocatalysts that can mitigate the problems caused by TCS and its related phenolic derivatives in the environment could be fabricated. These topics, along with the authors’ remarks, are also discussed in this review.

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Occurrence and Fate of Triclosan and Triclocarban in Selected Wastewater Systems across Durban Metropolis, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Cited by 18 publications

References 74 publications

Evaluating the Potential Health Risks of Selected Heavy Metals across Four Wastewater Treatment Water Works in Durban, South Africa

Evaluating the Potential Health Risks of Selected Heavy Metals across Four Wastewater Treatment Water Works in Durban, South Africa

A Framework for Public Health Authorities to Evaluate Health Determinants for Wastewater-Based Epidemiology

Nanomaterials for Removal of Phenolic Derivatives from Water Systems: Progress and Future Outlooks

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