Occurrence and Prevalence of Mango Decline in the Punjab Province of Pakistan

Abstract

Mango (Mangifera indica) is a popular fruit in Pakistan and ranks second to citrus. Pakistani mangoes have a large export potential in overseas markets that has yet to be realized. In Pakistan, important fruit trees such as citrus, mango, guava, etc. are facing a decline. Among these fruits, mango decline has been addressed strongly as they are important foreign exchange earnings and export items. In the case of mango, the decline has different forms, generally known as progressive, slow decline, or dieback; quick dieback, and sudden death. This type of condition is most common in poorly managed orchards that do not follow correct nutrition, plant protection, or irrigation techniques. Such a drop can be easily addressed if orchards are cultivated using the greatest possible production methods. The updated studies on the occurrence of mango decline are necessary to become a reference for further research and management strategies. Therefore, the present study was designed for disease estimation in the mango-growing areas of the Punjab province of Pakistan. According to the results, maximum mean disease severity of 2.70 was observed in district Bahawalpur followed by Khanewal (2.30), Multan (2.11), and Muzaffar Garh (2.00). The minimum disease severity (1.90) was recorded in Rahim Yar Khan district. Similarly, the maximum mean disease incidence (100%) was found in Khanewal followed by Bahawalpur (99.30%), Muzaffar Garh (96.00%), and Multan (96.00%) while the minimum disease incidence (90.00%) was observed in Rahim Yar Khan. The disease index which gives the actual picture of the disease was found to be the maximum in Bahawalpur (53.30%) followed by Khanewal (46.50%), Rahim Yar Khan (39.10%), and Muzaffar Garh (37.30%) while the minimum disease index of 36.89 was found in Multan district. This information will serve as the baseline information for research and management strategies in mango decline.

Antifungal activity of green synthesized selenium nanoparticles and their effect on physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant defense system of mango under mango malformation disease

“…Pakistan exports about 85,000 tons of mango valued at around $36.66 million per year [3]. Quick decline of mango is the most recent severe threat to the Pakistani mango industry due to various biological diseases [4][5][6]. Among the diseases, mango malformation is the most destructive disease in Pakistan caused by Fusarium mangifera.…”

Distributional spectrum of bacterial wilt of chili incited by Ralstonia solanacearum in Pakistan

“…Wilted plants showing characteristic symptoms were recorded and the association of bacterium was confirmed by immunostrips in the field (Opina and Miller 2005). The incidence of bacterial wilt of each site was calculated as described by Fateh et al (2022). Similarly, the incidences from all the districts, agroecological zones, provinces and finally the whole country were calculated.…”

“…Similarly, the incidences from all the districts, agroecological zones, provinces and finally the whole country were calculated. Disease prevalence of bacterial wilt in each district, agroecological zone, province and the country was also calculated as described by Fateh et al (2022).…”

Characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt from major chili growing areas of Pakistan

“…In toto, 114 isolates of R. solanacearum infecting chili were obtained from 14 main chili producing districts of the eight agroecological zones located in the four provinces of the country (Fateh et al 2022). Chili plants with typical symptoms of the disease were dug up cautiously with rhizospheric soil and brought to the laboratory for further analyses.…”