Occurrence and Production of Carbon Monoxide in Some Brown Algae

Chapman, D. J.; Tocher, R. D.

doi:10.1139/b66-158

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…This organism was isolated from a bed of decaying kelp in Monterey Bay, CA. These giant algae are known to accumulate up to 10% CO in their float cells (18,50,51). Therefore, CO can be considered as both a natural substrate for this organism and a compound that might be present during the metabolism of other methanogenic substrates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic growth of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A on carbon monoxide: An unusual way of life for a methanogenic archaeon

Rother

Metcalf

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

214

196

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All methanogenic Archaea examined to date rely on methanogenesis as their sole means of energy conservation. Among these are ones that use carbon monoxide as a growth substrate, producing methane via a pathway that involves hydrogen as an intermediate. To further examine the role of hydrogen in this process, we tested the ability of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A, a metabolically versatile methanogen devoid of significant hydrogen metabolism, to use CO as a growth substrate. M. acetivorans grew on CO to high cell densities (Ϸ1 ؋ 10 8 per ml) with a doubling time of Ϸ24 h. Surprisingly, acetate and formate, rather than methane, were the major metabolic end products as shown by 13 C NMR studies and enzymatic analysis of culture supernatants. Methane formation surpassed acetate͞formate formation only when the cultures entered stationary growth phase, strongly suggesting that M. acetivorans conserves energy by means of this acetogenic and formigenic process. Resting cell experiments showed that methane production decreased linearly with increasing CO partial pressures, consistent with inhibition of methanogenesis by CO. Transposoninduced M. acetivorans mutants with lesions in the operon encoding phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase failed to use either acetate or CO as growth substrates, indicating that these enzymes are required for both aceticlastic methanogenesis and carboxidotrophic acetogenesis. These findings greatly extend our concept of energy conservation and metabolic versatility in the methanogenic Archaea.acetogenesis ͉ methanogenesis T he only known pathway for energy conservation in methanogenic Archaea is methanogenesis. In these organisms, methane is produced either by the stepwise reduction of CO 2 via cofactor-bound intermediates or by transfer of methyl groups from methylated compounds to a coenzyme and subsequent reduction to methane (reviewed in refs. 1-3). Although most methanogens are able to reduce CO 2 by using H 2 as a reductant, only members of the Methanosarcinales use acetate and methylated compounds, such as methanol or methylamines, for growth as well. These compounds serve as both electron donors and acceptors for the methanogenic process. Also, two methanogenic species have been shown to use carbon monoxide (CO) as a methanogenic growth substrate, whereas Methanosphaera species are able to grow on the combination of methanol and H 2 . Regardless of the substrate, methane and CO 2 are the only major products of all methanogenic bioconversions; although some other products occasionally have been detected, these are generated only in minor amounts (4-8). Thus, all methanogens examined to date are obligate methanogens.Microbial CO consumption is an environmentally important process that fuels the reentry of CO into the global carbon cycle and helps maintain atmospheric CO below toxic levels (9). CO oxidation is a property of numerous bacterial genera, both aerobic and anaerobic. Phototrophic anaerobes such as Rhodocyclus gelatinosus and Rhodospirillum rubrum couple CO oxidation, whic...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic growth of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A on carbon monoxide: An unusual way of life for a methanogenic archaeon

Rother

Metcalf

2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

214

196

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“…Marine animals of the order Siphonophora produce substantial amounts of CO in their pneumatophores (Hahn & Copeland 1966;Wittenberg 1960;Wittenberg et al 1962;Pickwell et al 1964;Pickwell 1970) and the brown alga Nereocystis luetkeana contains, in addition to other gases (e.g. O2, N2, CO2) , up to 12% (v/v) CO in its pneumatocysts (Chapman & Tocher 1966). Seedlings of higher plants such as pea, cucumber, turnip, and rye liberate CO during germination and also during photorespiration, plants produce CO (Fischer & Liittge 1978.…”

Section: A Sources Of Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial growth on carbon monoxide

et al. 1992

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The utilization of carbon monoxide as energy and/or carbon source by different physiological groups of bacteria is described and compared. Utilitarian CO oxidation which is coupled to the generation of energy for growth is achieved by aerobic and anaerobic eu-and archaebacteria. They belong to the physiological groups of aerobic carboxidotrophic, facultatively anaerobic phototrophic, and anaerobic acetogenic, methanogenic or sulfate-reducing bacteria. The key enzyme in CO oxidation is CO dehydrogenase which is a molybdo iron-sulfur flavoprotein in aerobic CO-oxidizing bacteria and a nickel-containing iron-sulfur protein in anaerobic ones. In carboxidotrophic and phototrophic bacteria, the CO-born CO2 is fixed by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. In acetogenic, methanogenic, and probably in sulfate-reducing bacteria, CODH/acetyl-CoA synthase directly incorporates CO into acetyl-CoA.In plasmid-harbouring carboxidotrophic bacteria, CO dehydrogenase as well as enzymes involved in CO2 fixation or hydrogen utilization are plasmid-encoded. Structural genes encoding CO dehydrogenase were cloned from carboxidotrophic, acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. Although they are clustered in each case, they are genetically distinct.Soil is a most important biological sink for CO in nature. While the physiological microbial groups capable of CO oxidation are well known, the type and nature of the microorganisms actually representing this sink are still enigmatic. We also tried to summarize the little information available on the nutritional and physicochemical requirements determining the sink strength. Because CO is highly toxic to respiring organisms even in low concentrations, the function of microbial activities in the global CO cycle is critical.

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“…clude brown algae [Loewus and Delwicke, 1963;Chapman and Tucker, 1966], siphonophores [Pickwell et al, 1964;Wittenberg, 1960], and the photochemical oxidation of dissolved organic carbon [Wilson et al, 1970]. Until recently, the burning of fossil fuels by man was considered to be the chief source of atmospheric carbon monoxide.…”

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Nonequilibrium of carbon monoxide and methane at the air-sea interface

Lamontagne¹,

Swinnerton²,

Linnenbom³

1971

J. Geophys. Res.

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Supersaturation of carbon monoxide was found in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean on a recent cruise to Hawaii, which confirmed previous findings in the Atlantic. A diurnal cycling effect was observed, with maximum production of CO occurring during daylight hours. When compared to measured atmospheric partial pressures of CO, the concentrations of dissolved CO were found to be 15 to 75 times higher than atmospheric equilibrium values. Measurements of methane made concurrently with those for carbon monoxide showed that in contrast to carbon monoxide only a slight degree of methane supersaturation exists.

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Occurrence and Production of Carbon Monoxide in Some Brown Algae

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Anaerobic growth of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A on carbon monoxide: An unusual way of life for a methanogenic archaeon

Anaerobic growth of Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A on carbon monoxide: An unusual way of life for a methanogenic archaeon

Microbial growth on carbon monoxide

Nonequilibrium of carbon monoxide and methane at the air-sea interface

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