Occurrence and prognosis of lung cancer metastasis to major organs: a population-based study

Abstract

Background Lung cancer metastasis to major organs is an important factor affecting survival. We analyzed the influence of patient characteristics on the incidence and survival of metastasis to major organs. MethodsWe collected data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database on 58 659 patients diagnosed with stage IV primary lung cancer, including age, sex, race, histological type of tumor, laterality, primary site, number of extrametastatic sites, and treatment. ResultsMultiple variables affected the incidence of metastasis to major organs and survival. According to histological type of tumor, the following were more common: bone metastasis from adenocarcinoma; brain metastasis from large-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma; liver metastasis from small-cell carcinoma; and intrapulmonary metastasis from squamous-cell carcinoma. A larger number of metastatic sites increased the risk of other metastases and shorter survival. Liver metastasis conferred the worst prognosis, followed by bone metastasis, and brain or intrapulmonary metastasis conferred better prognosis. The effect of radiotherapy alone was poorer than chemotherapy alone or combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In most cases, the effects of chemotherapy and combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy were equivalent. ConclusionMultiple variables affected the incidence of metastasis to major organs and survival. Compared with radiotherapy alone or combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, chemotherapy alone may be the most costeffective option for patients with stage IV lung cancer.

The prognostic value and model construction of inflammatory markers for patients with non-small cell lung cancer

“…In stage IV primary lung cancer, metastatic sites can include the bone, brain, liver, and intraparenchymal www.nature.com/scientificreports/ sites. These metastases have a significant impact on survival and prognosis 31 . Smoking is a well-known risk factor for lung cancer worldwide.…”

Competitive Risk Analysis of Prognosis in Older Adults with Sigmoid Colon Adenocarcinoma: A Population-Based Study

“…Liver metastases have been identified as having the worst prognosis amongst major organ metastases in patients with stage IV lung cancer, suggesting a significant impact on survival, which is consistent with the findings of the Fine-Gray model, but contrasts with the results of Cox’s analysis. 29 , 30 Similarly, lung metastases, particularly in patients with osteosarcoma, have been shown to significantly affect postmetastatic survival (PMS), and metastasectomy has the potential to improve prognosis. 30 This again supports the indication that Fine-Gray modeling suggests a significant impact on prognosis.…”

“… 29 , 30 Similarly, lung metastases, particularly in patients with osteosarcoma, have been shown to significantly affect postmetastatic survival (PMS), and metastasectomy has the potential to improve prognosis. 30 This again supports the indication that Fine-Gray modeling suggests a significant impact on prognosis. On the other hand, bone metastases, although common and having an impact on quality of life, did not show a significant difference in progression-free survival in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma compared to liver involvement only, which may explain their negligible impact in Cox analysis.…”

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