Occurrence and Properties of Proteases in Plant Latices

Domsalla, A; Melzig, Matthias F.

doi:10.1055/s-2008-1074530

Cited by 106 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Furthermore, latex generated deleterious effects in insects may be due to presence of α-amylase inhibitors [53], N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminase [54], flavonoids [55] and different types of lectins [56]. As it is already reported that laticifer fluids from Calatropis procera contain endogenous soluble proteins which are enzymatic in nature [57] and show proteolytic [49,58] and insecticidal activity [49], these proteins mainly proteases found in different plant latexes [46,59] seem to be associated with insecticidal activity [60,57] and play a defensive role in plants [61] similar to lectin molecules [56]. C. procera latex also contains Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitors [62] which inhibit feeding in caterpillars by disrupting peritrophic matrix [63].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly latex chitinases [43], glycosidase inhibitors [44] and few secondary metabolites of plant origin show strong insecticidal properties [10]. Moreover, cysteine proteases, profilins and chitin-related proteins/chitinases [45] act as catalytic enzymes [46] and provide defense against phytopathogenic fungi and other bacterial infections [47,48]. These are insecticidal in nature and inhibit feeding, egg hatching, larval development and oviposition [49] and play an important role in plant-insect interactions [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of plant latex based anti-termite formulations on Indian white termite <i>Odontotermes obesus</i> (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in sub-tropical high infestation areas

Upadhyay¹

2013

OJAS

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In the present investigation various bioassays were conducted to evaluate the anti-termite efficacy of plant latex based formulations to control population of Indian white termite in subtropical soil. Results reveal that crude latex, its fractions and combinatorial fractions have shown very high toxicity against O. obesus. The LD 50 values for different latex fractions of 24 h were in a range of 5.0 -17.613 μg/mg while combined mixtures of Calotropis procera have shown synergistic activity against termites and caused comparably high mortality with LD 50 1.987 -6.016 μg/mg. The mortality rate was found dose and time dependent as it was found to be increased with an increase in dose and exposure period. In olfactometry tests, C. procera latex solvent fractions have shown significant repellency at a very low dose 0.010 -0.320 μg/mg. Interestingly, solvent fractions have significantly repelled large numbers of worker termites due to volatile action of active components of latex and different additives. ED 50 values obtained in crude latex were 0.121 μg/mg body weights while combinatorial formulations have shown ED 50 in between 0.015 -0.036 μg/mg. Statistical analysis of repelled and un-repelled termites gave a low Chi-square value (X 2 value = 0.890) which is an indicator of independence of repellent action in randomly selected termite groups. In field experiments pre-soaked cotton threads impregnated with Calotropis procera crude latex were tagged around tree trunks of Tectona grandis provided a wider protection against O. obesus. By employing these pre-coated threads, termite infestation and tunneling activity were significantly decreased (p < 0.05 and 0.01). When germinating crop plants were sprayed with various plant latex formulations, these have caused very high protective efficacy against termite infestation. It has significantly reduced crop losses up to 6.45%. There was a significant difference in infestation obtained in control and treatment groups (P < 0.05 and 0.01) which shows that Calotropis procera possesses enough anti-termite potential against Indian white termite, O. obesus population. If used these, formulations may also provide wide a range of control against other kinds of pests including house hold, medical and veterinary. However, Calotropis procera latex based formulations can be recommended for effective control of termites in high infestation areas by applying spray, or in form of poison baits or as fumigant in pure form.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of plant latex based anti-termite formulations on Indian white termite <i>Odontotermes obesus</i> (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in sub-tropical high infestation areas

Upadhyay¹

2013

OJAS

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“…Cysteine proteases are commonly encountered in fruits (papaya, fig, kiwifruit, and among others) and latices of different plant families are known to contain those enzymes. 97 In fact, they are the active ingredients of meat tenderizers. 98 Cystatins, inhibitors of those proteolitic enzymes, are divided into type 1 known as intracellular (A and B), type 2 known as extracellular (C, D, E/M, F, G, S, SN, and SA) and type 3 known as intravascular (L-and H-kininogen).…”

Section: Corneal Stroma Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Keratoconus: an inflammatory disorder?

Galvis

Sherwin

Tello

et al. 2015

Eye

301

199

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Keratoconus has been classically defined as a progressive, non-inflammatory condition, which produces a thinning and steepening of the cornea. Its pathophysiological mechanisms have been investigated for a long time. Both genetic and environmental factors have been associated with the disease. Recent studies have shown a significant role of proteolytic enzymes, cytokines, and free radicals; therefore, although keratoconus does not meet all the classic criteria for an inflammatory disease, the lack of inflammation has been questioned. The majority of studies in the tears of patients with keratoconus have found increased levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Eye rubbing, a proven risk factor for keratoconus, has been also shown recently to increase the tear levels of MMP-13, IL-6, and TNF-α. In the tear fluid of patients with ocular rosacea, IL-1α and MMP-9 have been reported to be significantly elevated, and cases of inferior corneal thinning, resembling keratoconus, have been reported. We performed a literature review of published biochemical changes in keratoconus that would support that this could be, at least in part, an inflammatory condition.

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“…Plant lattices are also a rich source of hydrolytic enzymes that play a key role in host-pathogen interactions. 170 The majority of these enzymes belong to the serine and cysteine protease family. Using an in vitro model of thrombosis, the herb Fagonia arabica exhibited 75.6% clot lysis in comparison with streptokinase (86.2%).…”

Section: Direct Thrombolytic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of recombinant thrombolytics: Current status and future directions

Adivitiya

Khasa

2016

Bioengineered

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Cardiovascular disorders are on the rise worldwide due to alcohol abuse, obesity, hypertension, raised blood lipids, diabetes and age-related risks. The use of classical antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies combined with surgical intervention helped to clear blood clots during the inceptive years. However, the discovery of streptokinase and urokinase ushered the way of using these enzymes as thrombolytic agents to degrade the fibrin network with an issue of systemic hemorrhage. The development of second generation plasminogen activators like anistreplase and tissue plasminogen activator partially controlled this problem. The third generation molecules, majorly t-PA variants, showed desirable properties of improved stability, safety and efficacy with enhanced fibrin specificity. Plasmin variants are produced as direct fibrinolytic agents as a futuristic approach with targeted delivery of these drugs using liposome technlogy. The novel molecules from microbial, plant and animal origin present the future of direct thrombolytics due to their safety and ease of administration.

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Occurrence and Properties of Proteases in Plant Latices

Cited by 106 publications

References 89 publications

Effects of plant latex based anti-termite formulations on Indian white termite <i>Odontotermes obesus</i> (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in sub-tropical high infestation areas

Effects of plant latex based anti-termite formulations on Indian white termite <i>Odontotermes obesus</i> (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in sub-tropical high infestation areas

Keratoconus: an inflammatory disorder?

The evolution of recombinant thrombolytics: Current status and future directions

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Occurrence and Properties of Proteases in Plant Latices

Cited by 106 publications

References 89 publications

Effects of plant latex based anti-termite formulations on Indian white termite &lt;i&gt;Odontotermes obesus&lt;/i&gt; (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in sub-tropical high infestation areas

Effects of plant latex based anti-termite formulations on Indian white termite &lt;i&gt;Odontotermes obesus&lt;/i&gt; (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in sub-tropical high infestation areas

Keratoconus: an inflammatory disorder?

The evolution of recombinant thrombolytics: Current status and future directions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Effects of plant latex based anti-termite formulations on Indian white termite <i>Odontotermes obesus</i> (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in sub-tropical high infestation areas

Effects of plant latex based anti-termite formulations on Indian white termite <i>Odontotermes obesus</i> (Isoptera: Odontotermitidae) in sub-tropical high infestation areas