Occurrence and quantification of prevalent antibiotics in wastewater samples from Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan

Zafar, Rabeea; Bashir, Shanza; Nabi, Deedar; Arshad, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142596

Cited by 69 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For example, an European study covering Cyprus, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Portugal, and Spain identified only three compounds (ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and cefalexin) from a list of 50 antibiotics to be considered as markers of antibiotic pollution (Rodriguez-mozaz et al, 2020). As stated earlier, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim are more prevalent in Africa (Faleye et al, 2018;Madikizela et al, 2020) while in Asia, studies have observed higher concentrations for various antibiotics mainly fluoroquinolones (Jia et al, 2012;Jiang et al, 2014;Shi et al, 2020;Zafar et al, 2021). These variations are an indication of the need of more region-specific studies.…”

Section: Implications Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 97%

Trace Detection and Quantitation of Antibiotics in a South African Stream Receiving Wastewater Effluents and Municipal Dumpsite Leachates

Ncube

Nuapia

Chimuka

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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One of the major concerns in the consumption of antibiotics is the discovery of antibacterial resistant genes due to prolonged exposure which makes their presence in environmental samples a priority. In this study, we screened 52 antibiotics along a South African stream polluted with wastewater effluents and municipal dumpsite leachates. Of these antibiotics, 15 were detected in the stream while 3 sulfonamides (sulfamethizole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole), a fluoroquinolone (flumequine) and a diaminopyrimidine (trimethoprim) were further quantified. The concentrations of sulfamethizole, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole ranged from not detected to 0.133 µg L−1, flumequine ranged from 0.222 to 0.686 µg L−1, while trimethoprim was up to 0.0618 µg L−1. The highest concentrations were recorded at the point source discharge with most antibiotics not detected further downstream. The current study has further confirmed wastewater effluents and dumpsite leachates as pathways of antibiotics into the environment. Only the persistent unsanctioned antibiotic, flumequine had its risk quotient above 0.1 making it an antibiotic of environmental concern. Multiresidue studies are still limited in Africa and the current study offers a platform for a research paradigm shift with more studies expected to emerge providing an improved overview of the release of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals into Africa’s vulnerable surface water systems.

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Section: Implications Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 97%

Trace Detection and Quantitation of Antibiotics in a South African Stream Receiving Wastewater Effluents and Municipal Dumpsite Leachates

Ncube

Nuapia

Chimuka

et al. 2021

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…Samples were collected in 1L silanized dark glass bottles and rinsed twice with the in uent or e uent before sampling. The collected samples were stored at 4°C in a cool box on the way to the laboratory (Zafar et al 2020) and being investigated as soon as entering the lab.…”

Section: Sample Collection Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…0.025gr of each antibiotic was strictly weighed and dissolved in 25 mL Mili-Q water. In order to reduce the degradation of antibiotics, the test tubes containing the stock solutions were covered with aluminum foil and stored at 4°C in refrigerator (Zafar et al 2020).…”

Section: Preparation Of Standard Solutions and Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Amoxicillin and Cephalexin Antibiotics in Municipal WWTPs during Covid-19 Outbreak- A Case Study in Isfahan, Iran

Samandari

Attar

Ebrahimpour

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Antibiotics are non-biodegradable drugs that used to inhibit the expansion and growth of microorganisms. The presence of antibiotics and their residues in the environments has resulted in an increased universal concern due to their contrary impacts on human healthiness and also the environment. Specially with the prevalence of Covid-19, the consumption of antibiotics to treat or prevent secondary infections have increased. Therefore, the presence of most prescribed antibiotics from ß-lactam class including amoxicillin and cephalexin were studied at two municipal WWTPs in Isfahan. Analytical method was extracted and then detected via HPLC/UV. Samples were collected from 2 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on 13 sampling periods over 2 months on February and March 2020 during the outbreak of Covid-19. In WWTP A, the average concentration of amoxicillin in influent, effluent, and its removal efficiency was equal to 509.64 ± 161.97µg/l, 354.37 ± 201.41µg/l, 33.69 ± 30.22%, and the average concentration of cephalexin in influent, effluent, and its removal efficiency was 189.42 ± 176.06µg/l, 44.35 ± 43.72µg/l, 64.61 ± 26.52%, respectively. In WWTP B, the average concentration of amoxicillin in influent, effluent, and its removal efficiency was equal to 2134.82 ± 3031.53µg/l, 401.09 ± 205.86µg/l, 54.82 ± 33.29%, and the average concentration of cephalexin in influent, effluent, and its removal efficiency was183.69 ± 123.48µg/l, 40.64 ± 33.02µg/l, 72.89 ± 19.45, respectively. According to statistical points of view, the concentration of antibiotics in both WWTPs had significant differences and no critical correlation between removal efficiency of antibiotics with other principle wastewater parameters was observed.

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“…Pakistan is a developing country, but its untreated hospital wastewater accounts for ~0.4-0.8 m 3 /bed/day [7,8], which is the usual range for developed countries. Much of this wastewater is discharged without treatment [9,10]. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) has set strict safety regulations to ensure safe hospital waste management as an extension to the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nonetheless, the discharge of untreated hospital wastewater that shows physicochemical characteristics beyond the range limits has been reported, due to poor enforcement of these laws [4,[13][14][15]. Hospital wastewater is particularly harmful if discharged untreated due to the spread of pharmaceutical pollutants [16,17] and heavy metals [9,16] in the aquatic environment. These pharmaceutical pollutants and heavy metals are recalcitrant in nature [18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine Learning Approach to Predict Quality Parameters for Bacterial Consortium-Treated Hospital Wastewater and Phytotoxicity Assessment on Radish, Cauliflower, Hot Pepper, Rice and Wheat Crops

Rashid

Mirza

Keating

et al. 2022

Water

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Raw hospital wastewater is a source of excessive heavy metals and pharmaceutical pollutants. In water-stressed countries such as Pakistan, the practice of unsafe reuse by local farmers for crop irrigation is of major concern. In our previous work, we developed a low-cost bacterial consortium wastewater treatment method. Here, in a two-part study, we first aimed to find what physico-chemical parameters were the most important for differentiating consortium-treated and untreated wastewater for its safe reuse. This was achieved using a Kruskal–Wallis test on a suite of physico-chemical measurements to find those parameters which were differentially abundant between consortium-treated and untreated wastewater. The differentially abundant parameters were then input to a Random Forest classifier. The classifier showed that ‘turbidity’ was the most influential parameter for predicting biotreatment. In the second part of our study, we wanted to know if the consortium-treated wastewater was safe for crop irrigation. We therefore carried out a plant growth experiment using a range of popular crop plants in Pakistan (Radish, Cauliflower, Hot pepper, Rice and Wheat), which were grown using irrigation from consortium-treated and untreated hospital wastewater at a range of dilutions (turbidity levels) and performed a phytotoxicity assessment. Our results showed an increasing trend in germination indices and a decreasing one in phytotoxicity indices in plants after irrigation with consortium-treated hospital wastewater (at each dilution/turbidity measure). The comparative study of growth between plants showed the following trend: Cauliflower > Radish > Wheat > Rice > Hot pepper. Cauliflower was the most adaptive plant (PI: −0.28, −0.13, −0.16, −0.06) for the treated hospital wastewater, while hot pepper was susceptible for reuse; hence, we conclude that bacterial consortium-treated hospital wastewater is safe for reuse for the irrigation of cauliflower, radish, wheat and rice. We further conclude that turbidity is the most influential parameter for predicting bio-treatment efficiency prior to water reuse. This method, therefore, could represent a low-cost, low-tech and safe means for farmers to grow crops in water stressed areas.

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Occurrence and quantification of prevalent antibiotics in wastewater samples from Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan

Cited by 69 publications

References 29 publications

Trace Detection and Quantitation of Antibiotics in a South African Stream Receiving Wastewater Effluents and Municipal Dumpsite Leachates

Trace Detection and Quantitation of Antibiotics in a South African Stream Receiving Wastewater Effluents and Municipal Dumpsite Leachates

Monitoring of Amoxicillin and Cephalexin Antibiotics in Municipal WWTPs during Covid-19 Outbreak- A Case Study in Isfahan, Iran

Machine Learning Approach to Predict Quality Parameters for Bacterial Consortium-Treated Hospital Wastewater and Phytotoxicity Assessment on Radish, Cauliflower, Hot Pepper, Rice and Wheat Crops

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