Occurrence and risks of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in an urban water system

Zhang, Haiyan; Huang, Zheng; Liu, Yuehong; Hu, Li‐Xin; He, Liang-Ying; Liu, You-Sheng; Zhao, Jian‐Liang; Ying, Guang‐Guo

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107715

Cited by 79 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Among the investigated PPDs, only three chemicals, including 6PPDQ, were detected in the WWTPs influents and effluents. 31 Like prior research that found low or negligible concentrations of 6PPD in runoff water samples, 23,24 6PPD was not found in either the influent or effluent of WWTPs. 31 The estimated RQ and no-effect concentration (PNEC) indicated that the 6PPDQ in the WWTP effluents presents a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems.…”

Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Similarly, 6PPDQ was observed in 100% of the surface runoff samples taken from roads, courtyards, and farmland in Dongguan and Huizhou cities, China, while the detection frequency of 6PPD was 0 to 41.7%. 23 Furthermore, the 6PPDQ concentrations were considerably higher than 6PPD. Similarly, while 6PPD was not detected in road runoff water samples taken in Paris, France, 6PPDQ was present in most samples.…”

Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…6PPD and its transformation product 6PPDQ are released into urban water systems, including surface runoff, receiving surface waters, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). 23 Among the different water matrices, the highest 6PPDQ concentrations were observed in road surface runoff samples (2.43 μg/L), while no concentration was detected in the DWTP effluents (Supporting Information: Occurrence of 6PPDQ in water, air/dust, and other media (Table S1)). The fate of 6PPDQ in different water systems is discussed below.…”

Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 These results indicate that the degradation of tire additives is a crucial pathway in determining their environmental fate, further complicating the situation with respect to tire additives and related compounds found on roads. 23,25 The ecological risk quotient (RQ) of 6PPDQ was the highest among 16 compounds investigated in the Dongjiang and Zhujiang rivers in China. 23 Similarly, the estimated RQ of 6PPDQ was the highest among eight investigated chemicals in groundwater, surface water, and stormwater in Guangzhou, China.…”

Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23,25 The ecological risk quotient (RQ) of 6PPDQ was the highest among 16 compounds investigated in the Dongjiang and Zhujiang rivers in China. 23 Similarly, the estimated RQ of 6PPDQ was the highest among eight investigated chemicals in groundwater, surface water, and stormwater in Guangzhou, China. 9 In a temporal study during storm events, the concentration of 6PPDQ in Don River (Ontario, Canada) samples reached 2.30 μg/L after a lag time of 17−20 h from the start of the rain.…”

Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Occurrence and Toxicity of 6PPD Quinone, an Emerging Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical: A Review

Zoroufchi Benis,

Behnami,

Minaei

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is a chemical added to tires to prevent their oxidative degradation. 6PPD is highly reactive with ozone and oxygen, leading to the formation of transformation products such as 6PPD quinone (6PPDQ) on the tire surfaces and, subsequently, in tire and road wear particles. 6PPDQ is a toxicant that has been found in roadway runoff and receiving water systems. Its presence in municipal stormwater has led to the acute mortality of coho salmon during their migration to urban creeks to reproduce, generating global interest in studying its occurrence and toxicity in the environment. This review aims to provide a critical overview of the current state of knowledge of 6PPDQ, assisting researchers and policymakers in understanding the potential impacts of this emerging chemical on the environment and human health. As there are many unanswered questions surrounding 6PPDQ, further research is needed. This review highlights the importance of including transformation products in regulations for 6PPD, as well as all emerging synthetic chemicals of concern.

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Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ppdq In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Environmental Occurrence and Toxicity of 6PPD Quinone, an Emerging Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical: A Review

Zoroufchi Benis,

Behnami,

Minaei

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Development of a straightforward direct injection UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of plastic additive chemicals in roadside retention ponds

McKenzie,

Pllu,

Campbell

et al. 2024

Anal Bioanal Chem

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There is growing interest in road pollution that enters surface waters. Additive chemicals used in the manufacture of plastics, including tyre rubber, are mobile pollutants that pose a threat to aquatic life. Therefore, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to measure 25 plastic additive chemicals in road runoff and water of retention ponds used to manage road runoff. A straightforward direct injection methodology was adopted to minimise sample handling and risk of contamination. Using this approach, the method quantitation limits (MQLs) ranged from 4.3 × 10−3 to 13 µg/L. These were adequate to determine most chemicals at or below their freshwater predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). Method trueness ranged from 18 to 148% with most chemicals being within 80–120%. The method was applied to water from four retention ponds in series to measure additive chemicals entering the ponds (i.e., in road runoff) and passing through each pond. Greatest concentrations were observed in road runoff during heavy rainfall following dry weather. Here, 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG) exceeded its current PNEC of 1.05 µg/L. Notably, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone) was determined at 0.13 µg/L which is greater than its lowest acute toxicity threshold (0.095 µg/L). Similarity in additive chemical concentrations throughout the retention ponds during steady flow suggests little or no removal occurs. However, further studies are needed to assess the fate and removal of plastic additive chemicals in retention ponds and the risk posed to aquatic environments. Such research can be facilitated by this newly developed UHPLC-MS/MS method. Graphical Abstract

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A nanogold sensor test for tire wear chemicals based on the plasmon ruler approach

Gagné,

Roubeau-Dumont,

André

2024

Microchim Acta

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The release of tire wear substances in the environment is raising concerns about potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to develop a quick and inexpensive screening test for the following tire wear substances: 6-phenylphenyldiamine quinone (6-PPD quinone), hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), 1–3-diphenylguanidine (1,3-DPG), and melamine. A dual strategy consisting of nanogold (nAu) signal intensity and the plasmonic ruler principle was used based on the spectral shift from the unaggregated free-form nAu from 525 nm to aggregated nAu at higher wavelengths. The shift in resonance corresponded to the relative sizes of the tire wear substances at the surface of nAu: 6-PPD (560 nm), HMMM (590 nm), 1,3-DPG (620 nm), and melamine (660 nm) in a concentration-dependent manner. When present in mixtures, a large indiscriminate band between 550 and 660 nm with a maximum corresponding to the mean intermolecular distance of 0.43 nm from the tested individual substances suggests that all compounds indiscriminately interacted at the surface of nAu. An internal calibration methodology was developed for mixtures and biological extracts from mussels and biofilms and revealed a proportional increase in absorbance at the corresponding resonance line for each test compound. Application of this simple and quick methodology revealed the increased presence of melamine and HMMM compounds in mussels and biofilms collected at urban sites (downstream city, road runoffs), respectively. The data also showed that treated municipal effluent decreased somewhat melamine levels in mussels. Graphical Abstract

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Occurrence and risks of 23 tire additives and their transformation products in an urban water system

Cited by 79 publications

References 43 publications

Environmental Occurrence and Toxicity of 6PPD Quinone, an Emerging Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical: A Review

Environmental Occurrence and Toxicity of 6PPD Quinone, an Emerging Tire Rubber-Derived Chemical: A Review

Development of a straightforward direct injection UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of plastic additive chemicals in roadside retention ponds

A nanogold sensor test for tire wear chemicals based on the plasmon ruler approach

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