Occurrence and seasonal distribution of microplastics and phthalates in sediments from the urban channel of the Ria and coast of Campeche, Mexico

Occurrence and distribution of microplastics-sorbed phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in coastal psammitic sediments of tropical Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Guinea

“…Their occurrence and detection prevalence of these three kinds of phthalate esters could be attributed to the fact that these plasticizers have large-scale applications in plastics manufacturing (Fred-Ahmadu et al, 2020;Sun et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2009). Overall, the weighted microplastic-sorbed PAEs levels in beach sediments at the investigated sites were largely indicative of the degree of human-mediated activities linked with the coastal ecosystems, the hydrological dynamics of the coastal zone, the discharge of untreated solid industrial and domestic wastes, and eventual transportation to the coastal sites, sediment chemistry, and type of sedimentary materials (Ramirez et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2018b;Retama et al, 2016).…”

“…Moreover, in recent years, increasing research attention has been focus on MPs particularly given the environmental risks and threats to aquatic organisms, primarily linked to their small size and substantial specific surface area, chemical constituents, and considerable capacity to leach out toxic organic and inorganic chemical additives including endocrine-disrupting chemical substances into the marine ecosystems, whose health risk is capable of being transferred through the food chain (Ramirez et al, 2019;Magni et al, 2018;Scopetani et al, 2018;Pérez-Lobato et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2015). Additionally, MPs have been reported to facilitate the distribution of aquatic contaminants such polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphorus esters, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalate esters, and several other persistent organic compounds (Ramirez et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2018a;Zobkov and Esiukova, 2017;Yu et al, 2016;Qiu et al, 2015;Tanaka et al, 2013).…”

“…This characteristic makes PAEs one of the potent endocrine-disrupting substances found in microplastics. For example, studies have shown that phthalates such as di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBZP), and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) are capable of reproductive effects such as impeding the growth of embryos and potentially promote abortion rate and infant mortality, as well as having carcinogenic, mutagenic, and endocrine-disruptive corollaries due to exposure to these phthalates (Ramirez et al, 2019;Chen et al, 2017;López-Carrillo et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2009;Botham and Holmes, 2005). In view of the adverse eco-risks associated with DEHP, DEP, DnBP DMP, DnOP, and BBZP, the American Institute for environment and health (AIEH), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the European Union (EU), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) have classified these phthalates priority pollutants (EU Parliament, 2008;Botham and Holmes, 2005;USEPA, 1982).…”

Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

“…In this sense, they became common environmental contaminants since they tend to migrate into the environment during the disposal of the PAE-containing product [ 62 ]. As a result, there is a risk of exposure of phthalates in humans, leading to their accumulation in several matrices such as soil, seawater, sediments, sludge, surface waters, among others [ 60 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. Thus, the monitoring of their levels is imperative due to the possible implications for human health.…”

“…Nonetheless, the PAEs have also been determined using apolar fused-silica capillary columns coated with 5%-phenyl(1%-vinyl)-methylpolysiloxane (SE-54) [ 61 , 78 , 87 ]. Conventionally, flame ionization detector (FID) was applied to determine PAEs in sediments [ 65 , 97 ], waters [ 59 , 115 , 117 ] and foods [ 93 ], but FID has been replaced by MS detector due to its specificity and high sensitivity [ 60 , 63 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 75 , 87 , 94 , 105 , 108 , 114 , 125 ]. In the case of GC-MS, it is crucial to use an internal standard (IS) to promote a more accurate quantification of phthalates in a diversity of samples.…”