Occurrence and susceptibility to antibiotics of Shigella species in stools of hospitalized children with bloody diarrhea in Pakistan.

Khalil, K; Khan, Sayeedur Rahman; Mazhar, Khadija; Kaijser, B; Lindblom, Gun-Britt

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1998.58.800

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The studies found that from between 3% and 19% of stool specimens were Shigella positive [22][23][24]26,44]. In hospital based found studies Campylobacter was isolated from 17% to 25% of stool specimens [41,42,[46][47][48].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Our study is the foremost community based study to estimate the factual incidence of shigellosis on a population level. Earlier hospital based studies do not provide a denominator essential for incidence estimates [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Not only is it significant to appreciate the shigellosis incidence in a study area it is evenly imperative to understand the distribution of Shigella serogroups, types, and subtypes because the knowledge about cross protection between Shigella serotypes and subtypes is very limited at best [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparison of disease caused by Shigella and Campylobacter species: 24 months community based surveillance in 4 slums of Karachi, Pakistan

Soofi

Habib

Seidlein

et al. 2011

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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Despite the efforts of the international community diarrheal diseases still pose a major threat to children in children less than five years of age. Bacterial diarrhea has also emerged as a public health concern due to the proliferation of drug resistant species in many parts of the world. There is a paucity of population-based data about the incidence of shigellosis and Campylobacter infections in Pakistan. We report country specific results for Shigella diarrhea that were derived from a multicenter study conducted in six Asian countries. Disease surveillance was conducted over a 24 month period in urban slums of Karachi, Pakistan, a city with a population of 59,584. Cases were detected through passive detection in study treatment centers. Stool specimens or rectal swabs were collected from all consenting patients. Between January 2002 and December 2003 10,540 enteric infection cases were detected. The incidence rate of treated diarrhea in children under 5 was 488/1000/year. In children, 5 years and older, the diarrhea rate was 22/1000/year. 576 (7%) Campylobacter isolates were detected. The pre-dominant Campylobacter species was C. jenuni with an increase of 29/1000 year in children under 5 years. Shigella species were isolated from 394 of 8032 children under 5 years of age. Shigella flexneri was the dominant species (10/1000/year in children under 5 years) followed by Shigella sonnei (3.9/1000/year), Shigella boydii (2.0/1000/year) and Shigella dysenteriae (1.3/1000/year). Shigellosis and Campylobacter infection rates peaked during the second year of life. The incidence rate of shigellosis increased in old age but such a trend was not observed in Campylobacter infections. Of 394 shigellosis patients 123 (31%) presented with dysentery in contrast to only 54 (9%) of 576 patients with Campylobacter infections (p<0.001). Both Campylobacter infections and shigellosis are common in community settings of Pakistan but shigellosis presented more frequently with abdominal pain and dysentery than Campylobacter infections indicating that shigellosis may be a more severe illness than Campylobacter infections. Due to the increased and disease severity, drug resistant shigella have become a significant health problem; moreover it is a disease of poor and impoverished people who do not have the access to standard water and sanitary conditions, health care services or optimal treatment. In the face of these facts it is empirically important to develop a low cost effective vaccine that can protect these populations for a longer duration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of disease caused by Shigella and Campylobacter species: 24 months community based surveillance in 4 slums of Karachi, Pakistan

Soofi

Habib

Seidlein

et al. 2011

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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“…Resistance to multiple antibiotics has been well documented in waterborne pathogens (106)(107)(108)(109) and represents a major public health threat. There are many pathways for antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant organisms to enter the drinking water supply (110,111).…”

Section: Emerging and Resurging Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

U.S. drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century.

Levin

Epstein

Ford

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

163

101

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The access of almost all 270 million U.S. residents to reliable, safe drinking water distinguishes the United States in the twentieth century from that of the nineteenth century. The United States is a relatively water-abundant country with moderate population growth; nonetheless, current trends are sufficient to strain water resources over time, especially on a regional basis. We have examined the areas of public water infrastructure, global climate effects, waterborne disease (including emerging and resurging pathogens), land use, groundwater, surface water, and the U.S. regulatory history and its horizon. These issues are integrally interrelated and cross all levels of public and private jurisdictions. We conclude that U.S. public drinking water supplies will face challenges in these areas in the next century and that solutions to at least some of them will require institutional changes.

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“…are fragile organisms that are excreted in large numbers in the stool, but they die off quickly because stools are acidic [15]. Thus, routine microbiological methods used to identify Shigella spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Pentaplex PCR Assay for the Detection and Differentiation ofShigellaSpecies

Ojha

Yean

Ismail

et al. 2013

BioMed Research International

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The magnitude of shigellosis in developing countries is largely unknown because an affordable detection method is not available. Current laboratory diagnosis of Shigella spp. is laborious and time consuming and has low sensitivity. Hence, in the present study, a molecular-based diagnostic assay which amplifies simultaneously four specific genes to identify invC for Shigella genus, rfc for S. flexneri, wbgZ for S. sonnei, and rfpB for S. dysenteriae, as well as one internal control (ompA) gene, was developed in a single reaction to detect and differentiate Shigella spp. Validation with 120 Shigella strains and 37 non-Shigella strains yielded 100% specificity. The sensitivity of the PCR was 100 pg of genomic DNA, 5.4 × 104 CFU/ml, or approximately 120 CFU per reaction mixture of bacteria. The sensitivity of the pentaplex PCR assay was further improved following preincubation of the stool samples in Gram-negative broth. A preliminary study with 30 diarrhoeal specimens resulted in no cross-reaction with other non-Shigella strains tested. We conclude that the developed pentaplex PCR assay is robust and can provide information about the four target genes that are essential for the identification of the Shigella genus and the three Shigella species responsible for the majority of shigellosis cases.

show abstract

Occurrence and susceptibility to antibiotics of Shigella species in stools of hospitalized children with bloody diarrhea in Pakistan.

Cited by 29 publications

References 28 publications

A comparison of disease caused by Shigella and Campylobacter species: 24 months community based surveillance in 4 slums of Karachi, Pakistan

A comparison of disease caused by Shigella and Campylobacter species: 24 months community based surveillance in 4 slums of Karachi, Pakistan

U.S. drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century.

A Pentaplex PCR Assay for the Detection and Differentiation ofShigellaSpecies

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