Occurrence of 1(3),2‐diacylglyceryl‐(3)‐04′‐(<i>N,N,N</i>‐trimethyl)‐homoserine in <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardi</i>

Eichenberger, Waldemar; Boschetti, Arminio

doi:10.1016/0014-5793(78)80173-2

Cited by 43 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The lipids are generally similar in structure to those found in the noncolonial alga C. reinhardi (9). One of the principal components has been identified as DGTH, a lipid hitherto reported only in Chlamydomonas (9), Ochromonas danica (5), and Epidermophytonfloccosum (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Lipid Composition and Metabolism of Volvox carteri

Moseley¹,

Thompson²

1980

Plant Physiol.

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The membrane structural lipids of somatic cells and gonidia isolated from Volvox carteri f. nagariensis spheroids have been characterized. The principal polar lipid components of both cell types are sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride, mono-and digalactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and 1(3), 2-diacylglyceryl-(3)- O--(N,N,N,-tri- Growth was monitored by filtering 1-ml aliquots ofcell suspension through a 4.5-cm-diameter Millipore gridded filter (No. HAWG04700) and counting the spheroids under a dissecting microscope.Harvest and Disruption of Spheroids. Cultures were harvested by pouring the spheroid-containing medium through a No. HC3-90 nylon mesh screen (Tetko, Inc., Elmsford, N. Y.) having a pore size of 90 um. The concentrated spheroids were washed and resuspended in deionized H20 if intended for lipid extraction.If gonidia and somatic cells were to be isolated, approximately 2 x 105 spheroids in stage 1 of development (see legend of Fig. 2), as determined by phase microscopy, were washed and resuspended in 100 ml cold 0.25 M sucrose in 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4). The suspension was then disrupted in the semimicro chamber of a Waring Blendor, model No. 1120, for 30 s at full power. This treatment released intact gonidia from 85-90%/o of the spheroids.The gonidia and somatic cells (many still embedded in fragments of broken spheroid matrix) were separated from any remaining whole spheroids by passage through the 90-,um pore size nylon screen and concentrated by centrifugation at 365g for 5 min. The pellets were resuspended in 35 ml of the disruption buffer, and 5 ml were loaded onto each of seven discontinuous gradients of sucrose in 50 mM Tris (pH 7.4). Each gradient was composed of 5 ml 0.34 M sucrose, 10 ml 1.0 M sucrose, 10 ml 1.46 M sucrose, and 10 ml 2.0 M sucrose. Centrifugation of the loaded gradients for 10 min at 365g produced three bands of green material. Layer 1, located on top of the 1.0 M sucrose, consisted of large sheets of somatic cells embedded in matrix material. Layer 2, located on top of the 1.46 M sucrose, was composed of single somatic cells and small sheets of matrix containing somatic cells. Layer 3, lying above the 2.0 M sucrose, consisted of gonidia, contaminated by a very occasional large sheet of somatic cellcontaining matrix. The purity of the isolated fractions is illustrated in Figure 1.Lipid Extraction and Analysis. Spheroids or isolated cell types were resuspended in a minimum volume ofwater or cell disruption medium, and lipids were extracted by the procedure of Bligh and Dyer (4). Water-soluble impurities were removed by washing the organic phase with a simulated Folch upper phase (10).When a further resolution of the bulk lipid mixture was desired, the washed lipid extract was chromatographed on silicic acid (100 mesh, Mallinckrodt), eluting NL with CHC13, glycolipids with acetone, and PL with CHCl3-methanol (1:1, v/v). TLC of polar lipids was performed, except where noted, on Silica Gel G plates, using the solvent system CHC13-acetic acid-meth...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Lipid Composition and Metabolism of Volvox carteri

Moseley¹,

Thompson²

1980

Plant Physiol.

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“…3C ). Especially noteworthy were the increase in 18∶3(5,9,12), the major fatty acid of diacylglycerol- N,N,N -trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), a non-plastidial lipid [22] – [25] , and the decrease in 16∶4(4,7,10,13) and 18∶3(9,12,15), the two major components of plastidial lipids [25] . These fatty acid profiles indicated that the fatty acid substrates used for BFA-induced TAG assembly were derived mainly from non-plastidial membrane lipids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Induction of Lipid Droplets in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris by Brefeldin A

Kim

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Algal lipids are the focus of intensive research because they are potential sources of biodiesel. However, most algae produce neutral lipids only under stress conditions. Here, we report that treatment with Brefeldin A (BFA), a chemical inducer of ER stress, rapidly triggers lipid droplet (LD) formation in two different microalgal species, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris. LD staining using Nile red revealed that BFA-treated algal cells exhibited many more fluorescent bodies than control cells. Lipid analyses based on thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography revealed that the additional lipids formed upon BFA treatment were mainly triacylglycerols (TAGs). The increase in TAG accumulation was accompanied by a decrease in the betaine lipid diacylglyceryl N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), a major component of the extraplastidic membrane lipids in Chlamydomonas, suggesting that at least some of the TAGs were assembled from the degradation products of membrane lipids. Interestingly, BFA induced TAG accumulation in the Chlamydomonas cells regardless of the presence or absence of an acetate or nitrogen source in the medium. This effect of BFA in Chlamydomonas cells seems to be due to BFA-induced ER stress, as supported by the induction of three homologs of ER stress marker genes by the drug. Together, these results suggest that ER stress rapidly triggers TAG accumulation in two green microalgae, C. reinhardtii and C. vulgaris. A further investigation of the link between ER stress and TAG synthesis may yield an efficient means of producing biofuel from algae.

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“…These low‐mass ions, together with the absence of an ion at m/z 74, are consistent with the assignment of a trimethylhomoserine head group rather than the isomeric 2‐OH methyl N ‐trimethyl β‐alanine head group. Comparable ions (at m/z 58, 84, 102, 117, 131 and 144) were observed in electron ionization spectra of diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserines (Eichenberger and Boschetti, 1978), although the authors were unable to interpret them. The CID spectrum generated from the ion at m/z 778 was almost identical (data not shown) to that from the ion at m/z 764, but it contained an additional ion at m/z 514, arising from loss of a C18:1 fatty acid, in addition to the ion at m/z 500, in this case arising from loss of a C19:1 fatty acid.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The regulator gene phoB mediates phosphate stress‐controlled synthesis of the membrane lipid diacylglyceryl‐N,N,N‐trimethylhomoserine in Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti

Geiger

Röhrs

Weissenmayer

et al. 1999

Molecular Microbiology

145

146

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Bacteria react to phosphate starvation by activating genes involved in the transport and assimilation of phosphate as well as other phosphorous compounds. Some soil bacteria have evolved an additional mechanism for saving phosphorus. Under phosphate‐limiting conditions, they replace their membrane phospholipids by lipids not containing phosphorus. Here, we show that the membrane lipid pattern of the free‐living microsymbiotic bacterium Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti is altered at low phosphate concentrations. When phosphate is growth limiting, an increase in sulpholipids, ornithine lipids and the de novo synthesis of diacylglyceryl trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) lipids is observed. Rhizobium meliloti phoCDET mutants, deficient in phosphate uptake, synthesize DGTS constitutively at low or high medium phosphate concentrations, suggesting that reduced transport of phosphorus sources to the cytoplasm causes induction of DGTS biosynthesis. Rhizobium meliloti phoU or phoB mutants are unable to form DGTS at low or high phosphate concentrations. However, the functional complementation of phoU or phoB mutants with the phoB gene demonstrates that, of the two genes, only intact phoB is required for the biosynthesis of the membrane lipid DGTS.

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Occurrence of 1(3),2‐diacylglyceryl‐(3)‐04′‐(N,N,N‐trimethyl)‐homoserine in Chlamydomonas reinhardi

Cited by 43 publications

References 13 publications

Lipid Composition and Metabolism of Volvox carteri

Lipid Composition and Metabolism of Volvox carteri

Rapid Induction of Lipid Droplets in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris by Brefeldin A

The regulator gene phoB mediates phosphate stress‐controlled synthesis of the membrane lipid diacylglyceryl‐N,N,N‐trimethylhomoserine in Rhizobium (Sinorhizobium) meliloti

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