Occurrence of a Pupal Melanization Reducing Factor in Different Insects

Starnecker, G.

doi:10.1515/znc-1996-9-1025

Cited by 5 publications

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“…In addition to occurring in species exhibiting plasticity in pupal colour, such as Aglais urticae, Vanessa (Cynthia) cardui and P. brassicae, PMRF activity is also found in species lacking plasticity in pupal colour, such as the buckeye Precis coenia and the African satyrid Bicyclus anynana. It has even been found in the moth species Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori and Galleria mellonella which pupate in cocoons (Starnecker 1996). However, PMRF activity was not detectable in ganglia extracts dissected from four species of non-lepidopterian insects (Starnecker 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has even been found in the moth species Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori and Galleria mellonella which pupate in cocoons (Starnecker 1996). However, PMRF activity was not detectable in ganglia extracts dissected from four species of non-lepidopterian insects (Starnecker 1996). In I. io, PMRF activity is present during each developmental stage, including freshly hatched larvae, pupae and adults (Starnecker & BÏckmann 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasticity in pupal colour is most likely to occur in species whose larvae have evolved preferences for pupation sites which vary in colour (West & Hazel 1979, 1996. As a result, green or yellow pupae are typically produced when pupation is on yellow^green surfaces, while pupation on brown or black surfaces results in brown or almost black pupae, although the larval rearing photoperiod and pupation site texture also have e¡ects on pupal colour in some species (Brecher 1919(Brecher , 1924Wiklund 1972;Smith 1978Smith , 1980Hazel & West 1979, 1983West & Hazel 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Convergent evolution of neuroendocrine control of phenotypic plasticity in pupal colour in butterflies

Starnecker

Hazel

1999

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Phenotypic plasticity in pupal colour occurs in three families of butter£ies (the Nymphalidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae), typically in species whose pupation sites vary unpredictably in colour. In all species studied to date, larvae ready for pupation respond to environmental cues associated with the colour of their pupation sites and moult into cryptic light (yellow^green) or dark (brown^black) pupae. In nymphalids and pierids, pupal colour is controlled by a neuroendocrine factor, pupal melanizationreducing factor (PMRF), the release of which inhibits the melanization of the pupal cuticle resulting in light pupae. In contrast, the neuroendocrine factor controlling pupal colour in papilionid butter£ies results in the production of brown pupae. PMRF was extracted from the ventral nerve chains of the peacock butter£y Inachis io (Nymphalidae) and black swallowtail butter£y Papilio polyxenes (Papilionidae). When injected into pre-pupae, the extracts resulted in yellow pupae in I. io but brown pupae in P. polyxenes. These results suggest that the same neuroendocrine factor controls the plasticity in pupal colour, but that plasticity in pupal colour in these species has evolved independently (convergently).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Convergent evolution of neuroendocrine control of phenotypic plasticity in pupal colour in butterflies

Starnecker

Hazel

1999

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…Whether prepupal PMRF is the same molecule or only structurally related to PMRFs extracted from young larvae, pupae and adults has to be investigated in further experiments. The functional multiplicity of PMRF (or PMRF-like molecules) is indicated also by its occurrence in larvae of butterfly and moth species which exhibit no pupal colour adaptation (Stamecker, 1996b). It is difficult to believe that these species produce a PMRF-like molecule that has no function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal occurrence of the pupal melanization reducing factor during development of the butterfly, Inachis io

Starnecker

Bückmann

1997

Physiological Entomology

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Abstract. . In prepupae of Inachis io L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), a pupal melanization reducing factor (PMRF) which controls morphological colour adaptation (Bückmann & Maisch, 1987) is located in the brain, suboesophageal ganglion, thoracic ganglia, and all abdominal ganglia and their closely associated neurohaemal organs (Stamecker et al, 1994) In animals adapted to a yellow background, PMRF content decreased in all these ganglia complexes during the prepupal stage which may be due to a release of the hormone at the critical period of the melanization reducing effect. The release of PMRF apparently occurs in a slow, but continuous, manner and may be superimposed by an incessant PMRF production at the same time recognizable by reincreasing melanization scores towards the end of prepupal and beginning of pupal stage. Therefore PMRF content in ganglia were not completely exhausted. When animals were kept on a black background, such a decline of PMRF content did not occur in both posterior ganglia complexes, whereas values from brain‐suboesophageal ganglion complexes were too variable. The target cells seem to be sensitive to PMRF treatment over a wide time range of nearly 20 h from the early stage of spinning a silk mat to 13‐h‐old prepupae for the melanization reducing effect. PMRF activity was also detected in first‐instar larvae and in the nervous system of third‐instar larvae as well as in pupae which had completed their pigmentation. Furthermore, all three parts of the adult body still contained PMRF. Possibly PMRF may have functions in larval and adult stages in addition to its effect on morphological colour adaptation.

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“…PMRF or PMRF-like molecules in the nymphalids and pierides are similar to PCMH in papilionoids, but they show opposite effects on pupal color between two category butterflies (Starnecker and Hazel, 1999). PMRFs were possibly one kind of water-soluble neuropeptides limitedly distributing in lepidopteran insect (Maisch and Buckmann, 1987;Starnecker, 1996) and can induce up-regulation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by binding to G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) in target neurosecretory cells (Jones et al, 2007). Neuropeptides, commonly signalled by GPCRs, play a central role in the physiological processes around whole life of insects, such as controlling of development, reproduction, behavior, feeding and others (Tanaka et al, 2014;Bauknecht and Jekely, 2015;Yeoh et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Proteome to Reveal Pupal Color Switch in Papilio xuthus Butterflies

Dong

et al. 2022

Front. Genet.

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Pupal color polyphenism in Papilio butterflies, including green, intermediate, or brown, is an excellent study system for understanding phenotypic plasticity. Previous studies suggested that development of brown pupae may be controlled by a hormone called pupal-cuticle-melanizing-hormone (PCMH) which is synthesized and secreted from brain-suboesophageal ganglion and prothoracic ganglion complexes (Br-SG-TG1) during the pre-pupa stage. However, detailed molecular mechanisms of neuroendocrine regulation in pupal color development remain unknown. In this study, we integrated the expression profiles of transcriptome and proteome at pre-pupa stages [2 h after gut purge (T1) and 3 h after forming the garter around the body (T2)] and pigmentation stages [10 h after ecdysis (T3) and 24 h after ecdysis (T4)] to identify important genes and pathways underlying the development of green and brown pupa in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus. Combined comparisons of each developmental stage and each tissue under green and brown conditions, a total of 1042 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 430 different abundance proteins (DAPs) were identified. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and enrichment analysis indicate that these DEGs were mainly related to oxidation-reduction, structural constituent of cuticle, and pigment binding. Soft clustering by Mfuzz and enrichment analysis indicate that these DAPs are mainly involved in tyrosine metabolism, insect hormone biosynthesis, and melanogenesis. By homologous alignment, we further identified those genes encoding neuropeptides (51), GPCRs (116), G-proteins (8), cuticular proteins (226), chitinases (16), and chitin deacetylases (8) in the whole genome of P. xuthus and analyzed their expression profiles. Although we identified no gene satisfying with hypothesized expression profile of PCMH, we found some genes in the neuropeptide cascade showed differentially expressed under two pupal color conditions. We also found that Toll signaling pathway genes, juvenile hormone (JH) related genes, and multiple cuticular proteins play important roles in the formation of selective pupal colors during the prepupal-pupal transition. Our data also suggest that both green and brown pupa include complex pigment system that is regulated by genes involved in black, blue, and yellow pigments. Our results provide important insights into the evolution of pupal protective colors among swallowtail butterflies.

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Occurrence of a Pupal Melanization Reducing Factor in Different Insects

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Convergent evolution of neuroendocrine control of phenotypic plasticity in pupal colour in butterflies

Convergent evolution of neuroendocrine control of phenotypic plasticity in pupal colour in butterflies

Temporal occurrence of the pupal melanization reducing factor during development of the butterfly, Inachis io

Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Proteome to Reveal Pupal Color Switch in Papilio xuthus Butterflies

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