Occurrence of acne comedones over healed linear scar of herpes zoster: a neurogenic perception

Abstract

431 2 Haig DM, Huntley JF, MacKellar A et al. Effects of stem cell factor (kit-ligand) and interleukin-3 on the growth and serine proteinase expression of rat bone-marrow-derived or serosal mast cells. Blood 1994; 83: 72-83. 3 Samoszkut MK, Kanakubo E, Chan JK. Degranulating mast cell in fibrotic regions of human tumors and evidence that mast cell heparin interferes with the growth of tumor cells through a mechanism involving fibroblasts. BMC Cancer 2005; 5: 121. 4 Meininger CJ, Yano H, Rottapel R, Bernstein A, Zsebo KM, Zetter BR. The c-kit receptor ligand functions as a mast cell chemoattractant. Blood 1992; 79: 958-963. 5 Mekori YA, Oh CK, Metcalfe DD. IL-3-dependent murine mast cells undergo apoptosis on removal of IL-3. Prevention of apoptosis by c-kit ligand. J Immunol 1993; 151: 3775-3784. 6 Frenz AM, Gibbs BF, Pearce FL. The effect of recombinant stem cell factor on human skin and lung mast cells and basophil leukocytes. Inflamm Res 1997; 46: 35-39. 7 Hart PH, Grimbaldeston MA, Finlay-Jones JJ. Sunlight, immunosuppression and skin cancer: role of histamine and mast cells.

Beyond Zoster: Sensory and Immune Changes in Zoster-affected Dermatomes: A Review*

“…Since sensory nerves have a bidirectional conduction (centripetal as concerns sensibility function, centrifugal as concerns neuropeptide secretion), the VZV-induced damage can provoke both sensory symptoms (PHN, PHI, mechanical allodynia, hypo-or anaesthesia) due to altered sensibility and immune disorders (PHIR) ensuing from altered neuro-immune cross-talk in the affected dermatome. While post-herpetic sensory symptoms have been wellknown for a long time, it is only in the last two decades that immunity-dependent disorders occurring in a zosteraffected dermatome have been recognized, focused on and named Wolfs post-herpetic isotopic response (PHIR) (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Regular signalling between sensory fibre-secreted neuropeptides and locally recruited immune cells is a basic requirement for a normal immune response in a given cutaneous district (5,28).…”

“…Another demonstrative case of PHIR is that ofthe development of cutaneous melanoma métastases along 3 dermatomes that had been affected by a herpes zoster infection 10 years previously and had been photodocumented by the patient (17). Table I summarizes the 176 PHIRs we have collected (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Although strikingly heterogeneous in nature, most of these cases have a possible common denominator, i.e.…”

“…In some cases, this destabilization leads to a defective immune response (as denoted by the local outbreak of opportunistic infections, primary tumours, or métastases from internal malignancies); in other instances, destabilization results in excessive local immune reactions. Examples of excessive local immune reactions in the VZV-infected dermatomes are represented by the occurrence of lichen planus (20), Hchenoid chronic graft-vs-host disease (21), psoriasis (22), acneiform lesions (23), drug-reactions (24), or even unclassiflable hyper-reactive skin lesions that were termed "post-zoster eosinophilic dermatosis" (25), all conflned to (20)(21)(22)(23)25) or more intense in (24) Reduction or induction of immunity, which is confined to the zoster-affected dermatome, may depend on the immune properties of the specific neuromediators involved each time. Immunity-related disorders due to peripheral neuropathy other than VZV-induced neuropathy have been observed.…”

“…3). In fact, zoster-affected dermatomes become privileged sites for a subsequent development of heterogeneous disorders, featuring the well-deflned "Wolf post-herpetic isotopic response" (PHIR) (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). This term describes the occurrence of a new disorder at the site of a previous and already healed herpetic infection, in most cases herpes zoster, with an extremely variable latency (days, weeks, months (18), years, decades (11)), no age or gender predilection, and unknown prevalence rate.…”

“…Skin diseases arising in dermatomes previously infected by varicella-zoster virus: Wolf's post-herpetic isotopic response(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) …”