Occurrence of Amphibians in Saline Habitats: A Review and Evolutionary Perspective

Hopkins, Gareth R.; Brodie, Edmund D.

doi:10.1655/herpmonographs-d-14-00006

Cited by 114 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…Moreover, the activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone increases expression of mineralocorticoid receptors (Gesing et al 2001). These receptors are involved in the regulation of body fluid osmolality and ion balance (Terker and Ellison 2015), which is essential for amphibian osmoregulation, especially under osmotic stress (Hopkins and Brodie 2015). As predicted, factors that increased CORT concentration and metabolic rate resulted in redox imbalance, as indicated by alterations in antioxidant enzyme activity ( fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…All factors included in this study are considered potentially stressful for tadpoles, and some of them can be magnified by human activities at either global or local scales. High salinity results in reduced tadpole survival and delayed metamorphosis (Hopkins and Brodie 2015). Herbicide exposure reduces amphibian diversity and alters the outcome of competition interactions (Relyea and Mills 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiological Stress Responses in Amphibian Larvae to Multiple Stressors Reveal Marked Anthropogenic Effects even below Lethal Levels

Burraco

Gómez-Mestre

2016

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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Natural and anthropogenic disturbances cause profound alterations in organisms, inducing physiological adjustments to avoid, reduce, or remedy the impact of disturbances. In vertebrates, the stress response is regulated via neuroendocrine pathways, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis that regulates the secretion of glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have cascading effects on multiple physiological pathways, affecting the metabolic rate, reactive oxygen species production, or immune system. Determining the extent to which natural and anthropogenic environmental factors induce stress responses in vertebrates is of great importance in ecology and conservation biology. Here we study the physiological stress response in spadefoot toad tadpoles (Pelobates cultripes) against three levels of a series of natural and anthropogenic stressors common to many aquatic systems: salinity (0, 6, and 9 ppt), herbicide (0, 1, and 2 mg/L acid equivalent of glyphosate), water acidity (pH 4.5, 7.0, and 9.5), predators (absent, native, and invasive), and temperature (217, 257, and 297C). The physiological stress response was assessed examining corticosterone levels, standard metabolic rate, activity of antioxidant enzymes, oxidative cellular damage in lipids, and immunological status. We found that common stressors substantially altered the physiological state of tadpoles. In particular, salinity and herbicides cause dramatic physiological changes in tadpoles. Moreover, tadpoles reduced corticosterone levels in the presence of natural predators but did not do so against invasive predators, indicating a lack of innate recognition. Corticosterone and the antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase were the most sensitive parameters to stress in this study. Anthropogenic perturbations of aquatic systems pose serious threats to larval amphibians even at nonlethal concentrations, judging from the marked physiological stress responses generated, and reveal the importance of incorporating physiological information onto conservation, ecological, and evolutionary studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Stress Responses in Amphibian Larvae to Multiple Stressors Reveal Marked Anthropogenic Effects even below Lethal Levels

Burraco

Gómez-Mestre

2016

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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“…Indeed, amphibians have likely experienced the effect of continental fragmentation through time with the successive break‐up of Pangaea, Gondwana and Laurasia (San Mauro, Vences, Alcobendas, Zardoya, & Meyer, ). Moreover, given that less than 5% of amphibians can tolerate saline habitats (Hopkins & Brodie, ; Pyron, ), they are likely to be isolated by continental fragmentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of temperature and continental fragmentation to amphibian diversification

Rolland

Condamine

2019

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Abiotic factors such as global temperature or continental fragmentation may favour speciation through the ecological and geographical isolation of lineages, but macroevolutionary quantifications of such effect with both fossil and phylogenetic data are rarely performed. Here, we propose to use biogeographical estimations and palaeo‐environmental diversification models to estimate whether and how palaeotemperature and the sequential break‐ups of Pangaea, Gondwana and Laurasia have affected the diversification of amphibians through time. Location Global. Methods Using a time‐calibrated phylogeny for 3,309 amphibian species and a genus‐level fossil record, we estimated the diversification rates of the group with birth–death models allowing rates to depend on the temporal variations of the environment. We used estimates of global palaeotemperature and an index of continental fragmentation through time to test the association between speciation and/or extinction rates and past temperature and fragmentation. We also estimated the biogeographical history based on a time‐stratified parametric model informed by the global palaeogeography. We inferred whether vicariance or dispersal events explained the ancient and current geographical distribution of amphibians. Results The diversification analyses on the whole amphibians showed that temperature‐dependent models are better supported than tectonic‐dependent, time‐dependent and constant‐rate models for both the fossil and phylogenetic data. The best‐fitting temperature‐dependent model indicated a positive dependence of both speciation and extinction rates with the temperature through time. Biogeographical analyses indicated a Pangaean origin for amphibians and also showed that allopatric speciation (vicariance) explained important phases of the evolution of geographical ranges in the Mesozoic. Main conclusions Our results support that palaeotemperatures have positively impacted amphibian diversification. Our study provides additional insights into how to quantify the effect of the landmass fragmentation on the diversification processes and shows with biogeographical reconstruction that continental fragmentation is linked to allopatric speciation in the early history of the clade.

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“…The effects of salinity on amphibian biology and ecology have recently drawn more attention (Smith et al ., ; Wu & Kam, ; Hopkins & Brodie, ). One concern is that amphibians inhabit coastal wetlands around the world and their habitats are impacted by storms and the saltwater intrusion as sea levels rise due to global warming (Rios‐López, ; Hopkins & Brodie, ; Moreira, Knauth & Maltchik, ; Soares de Oliveira, Rödder & Toledo, ; Soares de Oliveira et al ., ). Therefore, understanding the physiological responses and strategies for coping with increased salinity is critical to the conservation of many amphibian species living in costal habitats (Hopkins & Brodie, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One concern is that amphibians inhabit coastal wetlands around the world and their habitats are impacted by storms and the saltwater intrusion as sea levels rise due to global warming (Rios‐López, ; Hopkins & Brodie, ; Moreira, Knauth & Maltchik, ; Soares de Oliveira, Rödder & Toledo, ; Soares de Oliveira et al ., ). Therefore, understanding the physiological responses and strategies for coping with increased salinity is critical to the conservation of many amphibian species living in costal habitats (Hopkins & Brodie, ). Most amphibians do not adapt well to brackish water and actively avoid inhabiting and breeding in saline environment because of their permeable skin and poor osmoregulatory ability (Balinsky, ; Daneri, Papini & Muzio, ; Hopkins & Brodie, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full compensation of growth in salt‐tolerant tadpoles after release from salinity stress

Hsu

Hatch

et al. 2017

Journal of Zoology

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The benefit of compensatory growth is to minimize the negative effects of stress experienced by organisms early in development once the conditions improve. Tadpoles of crab‐eating frog Fejervarya cancrivora are euryhaline, have the highest salt tolerance among reported anuran species and may exhibit a different pattern of compensatory growth after stress release. We examined how F. cancrivora tadpoles responded and possibly recovered from salinity stresses. Specifically, we tested whether tadpoles expressed compensatory growth, what degree of compensation they expressed after release from salinity stress and whether the stage at and duration during which they experienced salt stress influenced the size at and time to metamorphosis of tadpoles. We found that the effects of salinity stress on the growth and development of tadpoles are quite different between early and late exposure to high salinity (LHH vs. LLH). Exposure to high salinity late in development (LLH) reduced growth but not the rate of development, resulting in smaller metamorphs but a similar time to metamorphosis when compared to the control treatment (LLL). By contrast, exposure to high salinity early in development (LHH) retarded rates of growth and development of tadpoles, but the resulting prolonged larval period enabled tadpoles to catch up and reach similar metamorphic sizes to LLL treatment metamorphs. Most importantly, tadpoles released from salinity stress (LHL) exhibited similar time to and size at metamorphosis when compared to the LLL tadpoles, suggesting that they can exhibit full compensation of growth. Compensatory growth may be a useful mechanism for F. cancrivora tadpoles inhabiting brackish habitats, allowing them to overcome the effects of dramatically increased salt levels by expressing catch‐up growth when the salt stress ceases.

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Occurrence of Amphibians in Saline Habitats: A Review and Evolutionary Perspective

Cited by 114 publications

References 155 publications

Physiological Stress Responses in Amphibian Larvae to Multiple Stressors Reveal Marked Anthropogenic Effects even below Lethal Levels

Physiological Stress Responses in Amphibian Larvae to Multiple Stressors Reveal Marked Anthropogenic Effects even below Lethal Levels

The contribution of temperature and continental fragmentation to amphibian diversification

Full compensation of growth in salt‐tolerant tadpoles after release from salinity stress

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