Occurrence of and dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene found in hand sanitizers from the United States

Pal, Vineet Kumar; Lee, Sun-Mi; Naidu, M. Prasad; Lee, Conner; Kannan, Kurunthachalam

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107449

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…[1,2] Styrene is discharged into the atmosphere via natural sources, such as plants and microorganisms, solvent use, fuel combustion, industrial processes, and other anthropogenic sources. [3][4][5] Similar to other aromatic hydrocarbons, styrene is a harmful environmental pollutant in the atmosphere. It is inherently toxic and can damage the central nervous and reproductive systems of the human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on synchrotron radiation photoionization of secondary organic aerosol derived from styrene ozonolysis

Huang

Wang

Shan

et al. 2023

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced by ozonolysis of styrene and other alkene compounds is a major part of fine particles in urban atmospheres. The atmospheric ozonolysis process of styrene is simulated in a smog chamber, and the formed SOA particles are detected on-line by a synchronous radiation vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer (VUV-PIMS) in this study. Through molecular ion peaks in the photonionization mass spectra of SOA and the corresponding photoionization efficiency curve, combined with off-line measurement verification of ultraviolet visible and infrared absorption spectra, it is determined that formaldehyde, formic acid, benzene, phenol, benzaldehyde, and benzoic acid are the main constituents of styrene SOA. These provide new information for studying the atmospheric ozonolysis oxidation mechanism of styrene. VUV-PIMS can get over complicated sample preparation procedures, secondary pollution, and other shortcomings of the off-line method and is a useful instrument to measure constituents and unveil the formation process of SOA particles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on synchrotron radiation photoionization of secondary organic aerosol derived from styrene ozonolysis

Huang

Wang

Shan

et al. 2023

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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“…Further, in a study conducted in Malaysia, of the 121 samples purchased from retail locations, 7.4% contained methanol above the LOD of 4.4% ( v / v ), while 18.8% of the 265 samples collected from freely deployed public dispensers contained methanol above the LOD [ 42 ]. A recent study by Pal et al (2022) tested 200 hand sanitizers for concentrations of benzene, toluene, and styrene [ 43 ]. Similar to our study, the authors found that a selection of products ( n = 10) exceeded FDA interim limits for benzene (>2 ppm).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is possible that there are additional impurities present in hand sanitizers that were not quantified in our study, but their presence may differ based on the country of manufacture. Further, the authors performed an exposure assessment and determined that the benzene exposures would “increase the EPA’s benchmark for the de minimus cancer risk” in children, teenagers, and adults [ 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Hand Sanitizer Products Marketed to Children Available during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Gloekler

Gandiaga

Binczewski

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Hand sanitizer use in the United States (U.S.) increased after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released temporary manufacturer guidance, changing impurity level limits for alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs). Since the guidance took effect, the FDA has recommended against using these hand sanitizers due to concerns over safety, efficacy, and/or risk of incidental ingestion. To address current gaps in exposure characterization, this study describes a survey of ABHSs marketed to children available in the U.S., as defined by several inclusion criteria. A subset of ABHSs (n = 31) were evaluated for ethanol and organic impurities using a modified FDA method. Products with detectable impurity levels were compared to the FDA’s established interim limits. Seven children’s products had impurity levels exceeding the FDA’s recommended interim limits, including benzene (up to 9.14 ppm), acetaldehyde (up to 134.12 ppm), and acetal (up to 75.60 ppm). The total measured alcohol content ranged from 52% to 98% in all hand sanitizers tested, ranging from 39% below, and up to 31% above, the labeled concentration. Future studies should confirm impurity contamination sources. A risk assessment could determine whether dermal application or incidental ingestion of impurity-containing hand sanitizers pose any consumer risk.

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“…3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Common active ingredients in commercial disinfection products include alcohols, peroxides, phenoxyethanol, polyaminopropyl biguanide (PAPB), ethylhexylglycerin, triclosan, and quaternary ammonium chloride compounds (QACs) such as chlorhexidine, benzalkonium chloride (BZK), and so on. 5,12 Other inactive ingredients in these liquid formulations also increased the risk of undesirable chemical exposure to the public, such as potential carcinogens, 8,13 allergens, 14,15 or poisonous impurities. 16 For example, alcohol-based hand sanitizers can cause irritation by triggering dryness of the skin, risk of methanol or acetaldehyde contamination, and the presence of other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) impurities such as benzene, toluene, and styrene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart elastomer sanitizer with chemically bonded active compound and on‐demand‐release antimicrobial functionalities

Teong

Armugam

Chan

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Hand or surface sanitizers are all liquid‐based products which can be mainly categorized as alcohol or non‐alcohol based. The constant release of highly persistent disinfectants and chemicals is hazardous to the environment and human health. Herein, a new concept of solid elastomer sanitizer with inherent fast‐killing antimicrobial property is described. Silicone (PDMS) was chosen as the elastomer where the active antimicrobial component of imidazolium polymer (PIM) was carefully modified and incorporated into the PDMS matrix through strong covalent bonds. This chemically bonded antimicrobial component within PDMS acts via release‐on‐demand model which allows for the long‐term reusability of the material. The resulting material can serve as a reusable solid sanitizer that is toxic‐free and skin‐friendly with fast‐killing property. It was proven to sanitize our hands or surfaces and kill microbes within 30–60 s of contact, including ESKAPE pathogens, bacteria, fungi and MS2 bacteriophage. This new concept of solid sanitizer methodology will provide an interesting insight and infinite possibilities for extending to other types of elastomers with suitable or tunable antimicrobial components. This also helps to provide a safer and greener sanitizing model which can dramatically reduce the usage and/or release of disinfectants or harmful chemicals to the environment. The possibilities of extending to other elastomers also widen its potential applications.

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Occurrence of and dermal exposure to benzene, toluene and styrene found in hand sanitizers from the United States

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Experimental study on synchrotron radiation photoionization of secondary organic aerosol derived from styrene ozonolysis

Experimental study on synchrotron radiation photoionization of secondary organic aerosol derived from styrene ozonolysis

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Hand Sanitizer Products Marketed to Children Available during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Smart elastomer sanitizer with chemically bonded active compound and on‐demand‐release antimicrobial functionalities

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