Occurrence of Astaxanthin in the Flower Petals of Adonis annua L.

Seybold, A.; Goodwin, T. W.

doi:10.1038/1841714a0

Cited by 52 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Carotenoids, including their fatty acid esters, extracted from the petals of A. aestivalis were investigated by UV-VIS, 1 H-NMR, FAB-MS, and CD spectrometry. 3S,3 S -astaxanthin and 3S -adonirubin, including their fatty acids esters, were found to be the major components and β-carotene, echinenone, canthaxanthin, and 3S,3 R -adonixanthin, the minor components.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carotenoids and Their Fatty Acid Esters in the Petals of Adonis aestivalis

et al. 2011

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1. Individual peaks obtained by HPLC were collected and identified from spectroscopic data such as the UV-VIS, FAB MS, 1 H-NMR, and CD data.…”

Section: Extraction and Isolation Of Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carotenoids and Their Fatty Acid Esters in the Petals of Adonis aestivalis

et al. 2011

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“…In the more than 50 years that have passed since the report of Seybold and Goodwin (1959) that astaxanthin is the predominant pigment in the flower petals of Adonis annua, no flowering plants other than a few species in the genus Adonis have been found to produce this valuable red pigment in abundance, if in any amount at all.…”

Section: Origin Of the Pathway To Astaxanthin In Adonismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Astaxanthin is synthesized by certain bacteria (Johnson and An, 1991;Misawa et al, 1995b;Tao et al, 2006), several fungi (Johnson and An, 1991;Luká cs et al, 2006), some green algae (Margalith, 1999), and a few species of the flowering plant genus Adonis ( Figure 1A; Seybold and Goodwin, 1959;Egger, 1965;Neamţu et al, 1966;Renstrøm et al, 1981). The formation of astaxanthin from b-carotene, a carotenoid omnipresent in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (Goodwin, 1980), requires only the addition of a hydroxyl and a carbonyl at the adjacent number 3 and number 4 carbons, respectively, of each b-ring ( Figure 1B).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidation of the Pathway to Astaxanthin in the Flowers of Adonis aestivalis

2011

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A few species in the genus Adonis are the only land plants known to produce the valuable red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin in abundance. Here, we ascertain the pathway that leads from the b-rings of b-carotene, a carotenoid ubiquitous in plants, to the 3-hydroxy-4-keto-b-rings of astaxanthin (3,39-dihydroxy-b,b-carotene-4,4'-dione) in the blood-red flowers of Adonis aestivalis, an ornamental and medicinal plant commonly known as summer pheasant's eye. Two gene products were found to catalyze three distinct reactions, with the first and third reactions of the pathway catalyzed by the same enzyme. The pathway commences with the activation of the number 4 carbon of a b-ring in a reaction catalyzed by a carotenoid b-ring 4-dehydrogenase (CBFD), continues with the further dehydrogenation of this carbon to yield a carbonyl in a reaction catalyzed by a carotenoid 4-hydroxy-b-ring 4-dehydrogenase, and concludes with the addition of an hydroxyl group at the number 3 carbon in a reaction catalyzed by the erstwhile CBFD enzyme. The A. aestivalis pathway is both portable and robust, functioning efficiently in a simple bacterial host. Our elucidation of the pathway to astaxanthin in A. aestivalis provides enabling technology for development of a biological production process and reveals the evolutionary origin of this unusual plant pathway, one unrelated to and distinctly different from those used by bacteria, green algae, and fungi to synthesize astaxanthin.

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“…The heterologous expression of a b-carotene ketolase gene in higher plants is essential for the production of ketocarotenoids, since they cannot synthesize ketocarotenoids except for Adonis flowers (Seybold and Goodwin 1959). As b-carotene ketolases, two enzymes with different structure to each other, CrtW and CrtO, are known at present.…”

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confidence: 99%