Occurrence of Banned and Currently Used Herbicides, in Groundwater of Northern Greece: A Human Health Risk Assessment Approach

Parlakidis, Paraskevas; González, María Soledad Rodríguez; Gikas, Georgios D.; Alexoudis, Christos; Pérez-Villanueva, Marta; Perez-Villanueva, Marta; Carrera, Alicia; Fernández-Cirelli, Alicia; Vryzas, Zisis

doi:10.3390/ijerph19148877

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This impact is particularly pronounced among children in their developmental stages, potentially resulting in reduced intelligence [6,7]. Recent studies have detected trace herbicides in drinking wells across multiple countries, including numerous European countries [8][9][10], China [11,12], the United States [13,14], New Zealand [15], Argentina [16], and Brazil [17]. In the United States, at least one pesticide compound was identified in 491 out of 1204 wells [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fall and Winter Cover Crops on Weed Suppression in the United States: A Meta-Analysis

Dong,

Zeng

2024

Sustainability

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Cover cropping recently emerged as a promising alternative to conventional tillage and herbicide use for weed suppression in agricultural systems. We investigated their effectiveness in weed control and the varying effects of different management strategies using a meta-analysis. Our analysis studied two categories: weed biomass control and weed density control. We employed a random-effect model to analyze weed biomass to address between-study heterogeneity and found that cover crop treatments led to a significant 62.6% reduction in weed biomass. These results are robust to outliers and publication bias. Furthermore, subgroup analysis found that planting a mixture of cover crop types was more effective than planting a single type. Additionally, planting a mixture of cover crop species, which are subcategories of cover crop types, was found to be more effective than planting a single species. Our analysis also unveiled a persistent, albeit diminishing, reduction in weed biomass even after the termination of cover crops. For weed density analysis, we used a fixed-effect model due to the absence of between-study heterogeneity and found a statistically significant reduction (45.4%) in weed density. Subgroup analysis revealed no significant difference in weed density control between legume and grass cover crop types.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fall and Winter Cover Crops on Weed Suppression in the United States: A Meta-Analysis

Dong,

Zeng

2024

Sustainability

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“…The run-off, adsorption, and leaching potential of pesticides is significantly influenced by the soil's properties, including its organic carbon content, texture, pH, type of clay mineral, dissolved organic matter, and cation exchange capacity, and the physicochemical characteristics of the pesticides, such as their ionization, water solubility, volatility, octanol-water partition coefficients, and thermo-, photo-, and hydrolysis stability all have an impact on pesticide fate [5]. The intensity of rainfall and irrigation, biological processes (biodegradation), and agricultural techniques also affect pesticide fate [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assessment factor 5. Lowest long-term PNECs of the most susceptible species/AF 6. Information not available.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Dissipation Kinetics, Leaching, and Ecological Risk Assessment of S-Metolachlor and Benfluralin Residues in Soil

Parlakidis,

Adamidis,

Gikas

et al. 2024

Environments

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The use of selective herbicides is one of the best methods for weed management. However, the extensive use of herbicides can have adverse impacts on non-target organisms. The goals of this study were to assess the dissipation kinetics, leaching, and ecological risk assessment of S-metolachlor and benfluralin residues in silty loam soil planted with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experimental setup included four different layers with four replications corresponding to an experimental randomized complete block design consisting of 16 plots. The application doses of S-metolachlor and benfluralin were 1350 and 1920 g a.i./ha, respectively, according to manufacturer recommendations. Soil samples were split into four depths, 0 to 20 cm (Layer A), 20 to 40 cm (Layer B), 40 to 60 cm (Layer C), and 60 to 80 cm (Layer D), to determine the dissipation kinetics and the leaching behavior of the herbicides. Gas chromatography coupled with the electron capture detector (GC-ECD) method was developed and validated for the determination of S-metolachlor and benfluralin residues in soil. The analytes were extracted from the soil with distilled water and ethyl acetate followed by solid-phase extraction (SPE). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 0.1 μg/g, and the recoveries of S-metolachlor and benfluralin were in the ranges 81% to 97% and 88% to 101%, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 9.7%. The dissipation kinetics of S-metolachlor and benfluralin in soil (0–20 cm) followed first-order kinetics with half-lives of 21.66 and 30.13 days, respectively. The results for samples obtained from the 20–80 cm soil profile showed that both benfluralin and S-metolachlor presented high leaching, following preferential flow. Also, a soil ecological risk assessment was conducted in the top 0–20 cm soil profile, estimating the toxicity–exposure ratio (TER) for four soil organisms and the risk quotient (RQ). The mean herbicide levels found at the studied soil profile at 0 days (2 h) and 60 days of the experiment were used for risk assessment. In the first case, the mean pesticide concentration (MPC) gives a worst-case scenario (ws); in the second case, a dissipation scenario (ds) is given using the respective MPC. In all cases, both TER and RQ values showed that benfluralin corresponds to a higher risk than S-metolachlor for soil organisms.

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“…As a result, maximum residue limits are being lowered by environmental legislation around the world. The European Union (EU) sets a maximum cumulative concentration for all pesticides in drinking water of 0.5 µg/L, with a maximum concentration of 0.1 µg/L for each pesticide [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Dynamic Multiple Reaction Monitoring Analytical Method for the Determination of Fungicide Residues in Drinking Water

Arvanitidis,

Adamidis,

Parlakidis

et al. 2023

Environments

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The extensive use of fungicides causes their continuous release into the environment through spraying, soil seepage, leaching, and runoff. It has been observed that their residues can be found in foods and a variety of environmental compartments, such as wastewater, lakes, rivers, sediments, drinking water sources (groundwater and surface water), treated water, and drinking water. A sensitive GC-MS/MS, using dynamic multiple reaction monitoring, an analytical method was developed to determine 10 fungicides (azoxystrobin, boscalid, captan, cyproconazole, cyprodinil, hexaconazole, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, paclobutrazol, and prochloraz) in drinking water. A solid-phase extraction method for sample preparations and validations was performed according to SANTE 2019 guidelines. All fungicides demonstrated mild or medium matrix effects (ME) ranging from 40.1% to 11.2%. Their recoveries ranged between 60% and 110%. The limits of detection were equal to or higher than 0.01 μg/L. The method was employed on 18 drinking water samples collected from public taps in Northern Evros, Greece, distributed in six sampling sites. Azoxystrobin, boscalid, cyproconazole, cypronidil, metalaxyl, and paclobutrazol mean concentrations did not surpass the allowable limit of 0.1 μg/L set by EU in any sampling site. Hexaconazole mean concentrations were higher than 0.1 μg/L in one sampling site, while prochloraz mean concentration showed limit exceedances in all sampling sites. Captan was not detected in any sampling site, and myclobutanil mean concentrations demonstrated exceedances of the permissible limit in four sampling sites. The presence of fungicide residues in the studied area is mainly due to the occasional point-sources pollution and preferential flow. Additionally, through the use of water, the risk of pesticides to human health was assessed for two different age groups. The sum of the hazard quotient values in each of the studied drinking water was less than unity. Consequently, the acute risk assessment procedure regards the examined drinking water as safe. Nevertheless, as prochloraz carcinogenic risk values were higher than the safe limit suggested by USEPA for both age groups, the existence of prochloraz residues raises concerns about chronic toxicity.

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Occurrence of Banned and Currently Used Herbicides, in Groundwater of Northern Greece: A Human Health Risk Assessment Approach

Cited by 14 publications

References 49 publications

Effects of Fall and Winter Cover Crops on Weed Suppression in the United States: A Meta-Analysis

Effects of Fall and Winter Cover Crops on Weed Suppression in the United States: A Meta-Analysis

Dissipation Kinetics, Leaching, and Ecological Risk Assessment of S-Metolachlor and Benfluralin Residues in Soil

A Dynamic Multiple Reaction Monitoring Analytical Method for the Determination of Fungicide Residues in Drinking Water

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