Occurrence of bisphenol A in the milk chain: A monitoring model for risk assessment at a dairy company

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) as a chemical hazard may enter the milk chain during primary production at the farm and, successively, during milk processing at a dairy company. To identify the potential pathways that play a role in the occurrence of BPA, a monitoring model for risk assessment based on the identification of the hazards at each stage of milk processing was investigated. Milk samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Quantifiable levels were detected in samples obtained from the raw milk storage tank, pasteurized milk from the storage tank, and packaged milk. The highest BPA contamination levels were detected in raw milk from the storage tank (mean 0.265 µg/L). Despite the fact that dietary exposure levels were below the temporary daily intake, BPA may have adverse effects, particularly for vulnerable population groups. New monitoring programs involving each stage of milk processing should therefore be applied.

Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography method to assess bisphenol F levels in milk

“…In a previous study on the occurrence of BPA in whole milk (Mercogliano et al . 2021 ), fat was removed from the milk samples using 10.0 and 14.0 mL of water and methanol solutions (80:20 and 60:40, vol/vol). To detect BPF levels in milk in the present study fat was removed from the milk samples using a higher volume of water and methanol solutions, and acetonitrile was used as a solvent for the BPF extraction.…”

“…In this way, a better flow rate was achieved during SPE (Caballero-Casero et al ., 2016 ; Mercogliano et al . 2021 ). Sample treatment resulted in good recovery rates, from 97.60 to 107.16%, which fell into the acceptable range of 70-120% suggested by the Codex Alimentarius requirement (Hao et al ., 2018 ).…”

“…In a previous study a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was applied to whole milk samples at different stages of milk processing (raw milk, pasteurization, and milk packaging) to evaluate the BPA exposure in different age category of consumers. Results showed the occurrence of BPA in all considered steps always below the tTDI level (Mercogliano et al ., 2021 ).…”

“…Based on the previous method developed to determine BPA levels (Mercogliano et al ., 2021 ), the present study aimed to develop and validate a selective HPLC method to assess levels of the analogue BPF in whole milk during milk processing. To improve the analytical method quantitative analyses on milk samples were preliminarily carried out.…”

Determination of 20 Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in the Buffalo Milk Production Chain and Commercial Bovine Milk by UHPLC–MS/MS and HPLC–FLD

“…Additionally, all storage containers and processing machines used along the production chain can be sources of contamination if they are made with materials that can leak EDCs into the food in contact with them. Whereas the presence of BPA and other bisphenols in breast milk has been widely studied, there are scarce data about bisphenol contamination in bovine milk [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], and no data at all about buffalo milk. Moreover, even though some researchers have studied bisphenol concentrations in feed [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], none have simultaneously analysed bovine milk, sera, and drinking water from the same farms.…”