2020
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114371
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Occurrence of caffeine in the freshwater environment: Implications for ecopharmacovigilance

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Cited by 91 publications
(34 citation statements)
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“…Tarazona et al [24] have paid attention to unprecedent levels of emissions of antiviral medicinal products as potential treatment for COVID-19 to the aquatic environment, and proposed the environmental impact assessment should be strengthened and improved. Ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) is a kind of pharmacovigilance for the environment, and has been considered as an effective drug administration route on environment pollution caused by PECs [11] , [12] , [27] , [8] . The concept of EPV involves the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or other problems associated with the presence of PECs in the environment.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Tarazona et al [24] have paid attention to unprecedent levels of emissions of antiviral medicinal products as potential treatment for COVID-19 to the aquatic environment, and proposed the environmental impact assessment should be strengthened and improved. Ecopharmacovigilance (EPV) is a kind of pharmacovigilance for the environment, and has been considered as an effective drug administration route on environment pollution caused by PECs [11] , [12] , [27] , [8] . The concept of EPV involves the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or other problems associated with the presence of PECs in the environment.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The concept of EPV involves the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or other problems associated with the presence of PECs in the environment. Being different from the efforts made by environmental experts for the removal of PECs from environmental matrices, EPV emphasizes the upstream control of PEC sources and related anthropogenic behaviours to constrain the environmental discharge of PECs, thus has been believed as a more fundamental, economical and feasible solution for PEC pollution in the environment [11] , [12] , [27] , [28] . So far, the well-accepted practice approaches to EPV include: promoting rational use of drugs, in particular, implementing eco-directed sustainable drug prescribing and dispensing practices to reduce the environmental footprints of PECs from the patients' excretion; improving pharmacy take-back programs and safe management strategies for expired and unused medicines; well-controlling the emissions from pharmaceutical manufacturing and hospitals; as well as accelerating the design and process development of green drugs, etc.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Likewise, other types of natural compounds emitted primarily by the anthroposphere, such as food ingredients and personal care products, as well as human hormones are equally present in surface and groundwaters. Thus, caffeine, nicotine, estrogens, piperine, steroids and morphine occur frequently in screening studies of surface and groundwaters, e.g., [23][24][25][26][27].…”
Section: They Make It To the Watermentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In 2015, PD affected constituent or as an additive in many different food products, beverages, and medicines [6][7][8]. The occurrence of CA has also been reported in natural water [9,10]. Currently, CA is the most widely used psychotropic substance in the world [11].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%