Occurrence of Choline Sulfate in Penicillium Chrysogenum<sup>1</sup>

Stevens, Calvin L.; Vohra, Pran

doi:10.1021/ja01623a080

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…N+( CH,),, in the sulphur metabolism of fungi is still a matter of controversy. This sulphate ester has been isolated from -4spergoillus sydowi (Woolley & Peterson, 1937) and Peiiicillium chrysogenum (De Flines, 1955;Stevens & Vohra, 1955) in yields greater than 0.2% of the dry weight of the mycelium; similar high concentrations have also been found in lichens of the Rocella spp. (Lindberg, 1955a) and the red alga Gelida cartilaginurn (Lindberg, 19556).…”

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confidence: 76%

Choline Sulphate in Fungi

Harada

Spencer

1960

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY: The occurrence of choline sulphate in 32 fungi and 9 bacteria was investigated by incorporating Na,S5S0, into culture media and subsequently identifying radioactive choline sulphate in cell extracts by chromatography and radioautography. The production of choline sulphate appears to be restricted to higher fungi since it was not found in any of the tested Phycomycetes. Of the Ascomycetes, the Endomycetales did not synthesize choline sulphate but the mycelia of the Sphaeriales did accumulate the compound. The Basidiomycetes and all the Fungi Imperfecti, except Torubpsis utilis, were choline sulphate positive. The choline sulphate negative organisms, including all of the bacteria tested, could not be induced to produce choline sulphate by adding large amounts of choline to the culture media or by growing on chemically defined media in which inorganic sulphate was the sole sulphur source. On the other hand, Aspergillus oryzue produced choline sulphate on a minimal medium containing inorganic sulphate, cysteine, cysteic acid or taurine as sulphur sources. The distribution of choline sulphate production has been discussed in terms of the absence or presence of the enzyme choline sulphokinase.The role of choline sulphate, -0,s. 0. CH, . CH,. N+( CH,),, in the sulphur metabolism of fungi is still a matter of controversy. This sulphate ester has been isolated from -4spergoillus sydowi (Woolley & Peterson, 1937) and Peiiicillium chrysogenum (De Flines, 1955; Stevens & Vohra, 1955) in yields greater than 0.2% of the dry weight of the mycelium; similar high concentrations have also been found in lichens of the Rocella spp. (Lindberg, 1955a) and the red alga Gelida cartilaginurn (Lindberg, 19556). The accumulation of such relatively large amounts of choline sulphate suggests that it is a storage compound, an end-or by-product of sulphate or choline metabolism, or an excretory compound, rather than an active intermediate in the utilization of the sulphur of inorganic sulphate. However, from the results of competitive metabolism experiments, it has been stated (Egami & Itahashi, 1951 ; Itahashi, 1954) that choline sulphate is indeed an intermediate in the utilization of sulphate by Aspergillus oryxae. On the other hand, similar experiments with P . chrysogemm (Stevens & Vohra, 1955) led to the opposite conclusion, since the sulphur of inorganic sulphate was used preferentially to that of choline sulphate for the synthesis of penicillin. It seems clear, however, that choline sulphate and inorganic sulphate do share some common metabolic pathway since mutant strains of Aspergillus nidulans and P . riotatum which did not utilize inorganic sulphur as the sole sulphur source also failed to utilize choline sulphate, while the parent strains grew readily on either sulphur source (Hockenhull, 1948(Hockenhull, , 1949. The detection of 'ester sulphate' in the mycelia of * Present address :

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confidence: 76%

Choline Sulphate in Fungi

Harada

Spencer

1960

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…Seeds ofLimonium (19). Samples (50 mg) of freeze dried and milled tissue received 448 nmol of dg-glycine betaine, 200 nmol of d9-f3-alanine betaine, and 1000 nmol of d9-choline-O-sulfate and were extracted using the methanol/chloroform/water procedure described previously (7).…”

Section: Materials and Methods Plant Materials And Growth Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Physiological Evidence that β-Alanine Betaine and Choline-O-Sulfate Act as Compatible Osmolytes in Halophytic Limonium Species

Hanson¹,

Rathinasabapathi²,

Chamberlin³

et al. 1991

Plant Physiol.

104

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The quaternary ammonium compounds accumulated in saline conditions by five salt-tolerant species of Limonium (Plumbaginaceae) were analyzed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Three species accumulated j-alanine betaine and choline-O-sulfate; the others accumulated glycine betaine and choline-C-sulfate. Three lines of evidence indicated that f,-alanine betaine and choline-0-sulfate replace glycine betaine as osmoregulatory solutes. First, tests with bacteria showed that 0-alanine betaine and choline-0-sulfate have osmoprotective properties comparable to glycine betaine. Second, when ,B-alanine betaine and glycine betaine accumulators were salinized, the levels of their respective betaines, plus that of choline-0-sulfate, were closely correlated with leaf solute potential. Third, substitution of sulfate for chloride salinity caused an increase in the level of choline-C-sulfate and a matching decrease in glycine betaine level. Experiments with '4C-labeled precursors established that B-alanine betaine accumulators did not synthesize glycine betaine and vice versa. These experiments also showed that 6-alanine betaine synthesis occurs in roots as well as leaves of fialanine betaine accumulators and that choline-C-sulfate and glycine betaine share choline as a precursor. Unlike glycine betaine, j-alanine betaine synthesis cannot interfere with conjugation of sulfate to choline by competing for choline and does not require oxygen. These features of #l-alanine betaine may be advantageous in sulfate-rich salt marsh environments.Considerable evidence indicates that the QAC2 glycine betaine accumulates in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts of species of the family Chenopodiaceae during osmotic stress and acts as a nontoxic or compatible osmolyte (for reviews, see refs. 15 and 28). Glycine betaine is likely to play the same role in the many other angiosperm families in which it accumulates in response to stress (27,30), although in these cases the '

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“…Synthesis of COS. COS was synthesized from 4 g of choline chloride (Sigma) in 10 ml of concentrated H 2 SO 4 according to the methods of Stevens and Vohra (32). One hundred seventy-one milligrams of dried, white crystals was obtained.…”

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confidence: 99%