Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in agricultural surface waters during an annual farming cycle in lowland UK

Bodley-Tickell, A.T.; Kitchen, S. E.; Sturdee, A. P.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00398-0

Cited by 64 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Livestock, in particular cattle, has been implicated as a major source of surface water contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo-)cysts (Bodley-Tickell et al, 2002;Thurston-Enriquez et al, 2005). Moreover, Cryptosporidium contamination of water sources through surface run-off from faeces deposited on agricultural land has repeatedly been documented (Tate et al, 2000;Davies et al, 2004;Thurston-Enriquez et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes

Petersen

Wang

Katakam

et al. 2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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Highlights High Cryptosporidium and Giardia prevalence in organic pigs throughout the year  Piglets predominantly hosted C. suis, while older pigs mainly hosted C. scrofarum 2  The intensity of infection was >6 x higher for C. suis compared to C. scrofarum  Crypto/Giardia infected pigs excreted fewer oocysts compared to mono-infected pigs  Public health risk of Cryptosporidium/Giardia in Danish organic pigs seems negligible AbstractAlthough pigs are commonly infected with Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, including potentially zoonotic species or genotypes, little is known about age-related infection levels, seasonal differences and genetic variation in naturally infected pigs raised in organic management systems. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess seasonal and agerelated variations in prevalence and infection intensity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, evaluate zoonotic potential and uncover correlations between species/genotypes, infection intensity and faecal consistency. Shedding of oocysts and cysts ((oo-)cysts) was monitored at quarterly intervals (September 2011 to June 2012) in piglets (n=152), starter pigs (n=234), fatteners (n=230) and sows (n=240) from three organic farms in Denmark. (Oo-)cysts were quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy; and 56/75 subsamples from Cryptosporidium infected pigs were successfully analysed by PCR amplification and partial sequencing of the small subunit (SSU) 18S rRNA and hsp70 genes, while 13/67 Giardia subsamples were successfully analysed by amplification and partial sequencing of the 18S rRNA and the gdh genes. Altogether, Cryptosporidium or Giardia infections were observed in 40.9% (350/856) and 14.0% (120/856) of the pigs, respectively, including 8.2% (70/856) infected with both parasites. Prevalence, intensity of infections and presence of Cryptosporidium species varied significantly between age-groups; 53.3% piglets, 72.2% starter pigs, 40.4% fatteners and 2.9% sows were infected with Cryptosporidium, whereas 2.0% piglets, 27.4% starter pigs, 17.8% fatteners and 5.0% sows were infected with Giardia. The overall prevalence was stable throughout the year, except for dual-infections that were more prevalent in September and 3 December (p<0.05). The infection intensity was age-related for both parasites, and dualinfected pigs tended to excrete lower levels of oocysts compared to pigs harbouring only Cryptosporidium. Likewise, pigs infected with C. scrofarum excreted fewer oocysts (mean CPG: 54,848±194,508 CI: 9085-118,781) compared to pigs infected with C. suis (mean OPG: 351,035±351,035 CI: 67,117). No correlation between faecal consistency and (oo-)cyst excretion levels was observed.Of the successfully genotyped isolates, 38/56 (67.9%) were C. scrofarum and 18/56 (32.1%) were C. suis, while the livestock specific G. duodenalis Assemblage E was detected in 11/13 (84.6%) isolates and the potentially zoonotic Assemblage A was identified in 2/13 (15.4%)isolates. Piglets exclusively hosted C. suis, with one exception, while starter...

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Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes

Petersen

Wang

Katakam

et al. 2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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“…Oocysts in fecal pats on rangeland can be released during rainfall and transported to water bodies (41) and have been found throughout the year in streams flowing through areas with livestock production (3,36).…”

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Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Soil Columns following Applications of Raw and Separated Liquid Slurries

Petersen

Enemark²,

Olsen

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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ABSTRACTThe potential for the transport of viableCryptosporidium parvumoocysts through soil to land drains and groundwater was studied using simulated rainfall and intact soil columns which were applied raw slurry or separated liquid slurry. Following irrigation and weekly samplings over a 4-week period,C. parvumoocysts were detected from all soil columns regardless of slurry type and application method, although recovery rates were low (<1%). Soil columns with injected liquid slurry leached 73 and 90% more oocysts compared to columns with injected and surface-applied raw slurries, respectively. Among leachate samples containing oocysts, 44/72 samples yielded viable oocysts as determined by a dye permeability assay (DAPI [4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole]/propidium iodide) with the majority (41%) of viable oocysts found in leachate from soil columns with added liquid slurry. The number of viable oocysts was positively correlated (r= 0.63) with the total number of oocysts found. Destructively sampling of the soil columns showed that type of slurry and irrigation played a role in the vertical distribution of oocysts, with more oocysts recovered from soil columns added liquid slurry irrespective of the irrigation status. Further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of different slurry separation technologies to remove oocysts and other pathogens, as well as whether the application of separated liquid slurry to agricultural land may represent higher risks for groundwater contamination compared to application of raw slurry.

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“…Further, many of these wildlife host species have been implicated in transmission cycles involving zoonotic Cryptosporidium species (2,5,19). In Australia the numerically dominant mammals inhabiting watersheds are marsupials, and it is unknown if Australian marsupials are involved in transmission of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species.…”

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Patterns ofCryptosporidiumOocyst Shedding by Eastern Grey Kangaroos Inhabiting an Australian Watershed

Power

Sangster

Slade

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in feces from a population of wild eastern grey kangaroos inhabiting a protected watershed in Sydney, Australia, was investigated. Over a 2-year period, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 239 of the 3,557 (6.7%) eastern grey kangaroo fecal samples tested by using a combined immunomagnetic separation and flow cytometric technique. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in this host population was estimated to range from 0.32% to 28.5%, with peaks occurring during the autumn months. Oocyst shedding intensity ranged from below 20 oocysts/g feces to 2.0 ؋ 10 6 oocysts/g feces, and shedding did not appear to be associated with diarrhea. Although morphologically similar to the human-infective Cryptosporidium hominis and the Cryptosporidium parvum "bovine" genotype oocysts, the oocysts isolated from kangaroo feces were identified as the Cryptosporidium "marsupial" genotype I or "marsupial" genotype II. Kangaroos are the predominant large mammal inhabiting Australian watersheds and are potentially a significant source of Cryptosporidium contamination of drinking water reservoirs. However, this host population was predominantly shedding the marsupial-derived genotypes, which to date have been identified only in marsupial host species.

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Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in agricultural surface waters during an annual farming cycle in lowland UK

Cited by 64 publications

References 22 publications

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes

Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Soil Columns following Applications of Raw and Separated Liquid Slurries

Patterns ofCryptosporidiumOocyst Shedding by Eastern Grey Kangaroos Inhabiting an Australian Watershed

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