Occurrence of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in aqueous environment and their removal by biological and abiotic wastewater treatment processes

Česen, Marjeta; Kosjek, Tina; Laimou‐Geraniou, Maria; Kompare, Boris; Širok, Brane; Lambropolou, Dimitra; Heath, Ester

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.109

Cited by 84 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Chemical analysis was performed using previously developed analytical methods based on either liquid or gas chromatography (LC or GC) coupled to mass (MS) and most frequently tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry (Table 2) (Česen et al 2015;Ferrando-Climent et al 2013;Kosjek et al 2013;Llewellyn et al 2011;Negreira et al 2013aNegreira et al , b, 2014bOdraska et al 2013;Yin et al 2010). All analytical methods, with the exception of that based on ICP-MS for Pt determination, included a solid phase extraction (SPE) step, performed either on-line or off-line for sample preconcentration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until recently, scientists did not have the technology nor the know-how to measure environmental levels of anticancer drugs and only a limited number of laboratories worldwide are analysing them in environmental and wastewater samples (Česen et al 2015;Ferrando-Climent et al 2014, 2013Kosjek and Heath 2011;Kosjek et al 2015Kosjek et al , 2013Llewellyn et al 2011;Negreira et al 2014aNegreira et al , 2013aParrella et al 2014). One reason is their low environmental levels (≤ ng L −1 ), which require the very latest in modern analytical instrumentation, and possibly their toxicity makes laboratories reluctant to analyse these compounds since additional safety protocols and waste collection must be in place.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One reason is their low environmental levels (≤ ng L −1 ), which require the very latest in modern analytical instrumentation, and possibly their toxicity makes laboratories reluctant to analyse these compounds since additional safety protocols and waste collection must be in place. Fortunately, studies are now investigating their presence in environmental and wastewater samples (Česen et al 2015;Kosjek and Heath 2011;Kosjek et al 2015Kosjek et al , 2013Negreira et al 2014aNegreira et al , 2013a, and the risks they pose to humans and aquatic organisms have been recently addressed within the EU FP7 CytoThreat project (2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First inter-laboratory comparison exercise for the determination of anticancer drugs in aqueous samples

Heath

Česen

Negreira

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The results of an inter-laboratory comparison exercise to determine cytostatic anticancer drug residues in surface water, hospital wastewater and wastewater treatment plant effluent are reported. To obtain a critical number of participants, an invitation was sent out to potential laboratories identified to have the necessary knowledge and instrumentation. Nine laboratories worldwide confirmed their participation in the exercise. The compounds selected (based on the extent of use and laboratories capabilities) included cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, etoposide, methotrexate and cisplatinum. Samples of spiked waste (hospital and wastewater treatment plant effluent) and surface water, and additional non-spiked hospital wastewater, were prepared by the organising laboratory (Jožef Stefan Institute) and sent out to each participant partner for analysis. All analytical methods included solid phase extraction (SPE) and the use of surrogate/internal standards for quantification. Chemical analysis was performed using either liquid or gas chromatography mass (MS) or tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry. Cisplatinum was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A required minimum contribution of five laboratories meant that only cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, methotrexate and etoposide could be included in the statistical evaluation. z-score and Q test revealed 3 and 4 outliers using classical and robust approach, respectively. The smallest absolute differences between the spiked values and the measured values were observed in the surface water matrix. The highest within-laboratory repeatability was observed for methotrexate in all three matrices (CV ≤ 12 %). Overall, inter-laboratory reproducibility was poor for all compounds and matrices (CV 27-143 %) with the only exception being methotrexate measured in the spiked hospital wastewater (CV = 8 %). Random and total errors were identified by means of Youden plots.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First inter-laboratory comparison exercise for the determination of anticancer drugs in aqueous samples

Heath

Česen

Negreira

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

Self Cite

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“…Also, results changed according to the Fig. 2 Summary of the findings for the four most frequently studied anticancer drugs size of the hospital, the number of patients treated, the presence of specific departments (if it only treats cancer or not), the drugs used for cancer therapy, the consumption rate and the day of the sampling (some studies demonstrated a difference between weekday samples and weekend samples due to the reduced therapy on weekends) (Steger-Hartmann et al 1996;Verlicchi et al 2012;Rabii et al 2014;Česen et al 2015. In Weissbrodt et al's study, 5-fluorouracil was assumed to be highly detected in the hospital wastewater since it was the most consumed anticancer drug in Cantonal hospital and especially on Wednesday when it was administered the most (Weissbrodt et al 2009).…”

Section: Sample Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of anticancer drugs in the aquatic environment: a systematic review

Nassour

Barton

Nabhani‐Gebara

et al. 2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Water contamination with pharmaceutical products is a well-studied problem. Numerous studies have demonstrated the presence of anticancer drugs in different water resources that failed to be eliminated by conventional wastewater treatment plants. The purpose of this report was to conduct a systematic review of anticancer drugs in the aquatic environment. The methodology adopted was carried out in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. From the 75 studies that met the specific requirements for inclusion, data extracted showed that the most common anticancer drugs studied are cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen, ifosfamide and methotrexate with concentrations measured ranging between 0.01 and 86,200 ng/L. There was significant variation in the methodologies employed due to lack of available guidelines to address sampling techniques, seasonal variability and analytical strategy. The most routinely used technique for quantitative determination was found to be solid-phase extraction followed by LC-MS analysis. The lowest reported recovery percentage was 11%, and the highest limit of detection was 1700 ng/L. This indicated the inadequacy of some methods to analyse anticancer drugs and the failure to obtain reliable results. The significant heterogeneity within methodologies made it difficult to compare results and draw conclusions, nevertheless, this study aids in the extrapolation of proposed recommendations to guide future studies and reviews.

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“…Cesen et al [8] reported on biological and abiotic treatments of ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide. The highest separation efficiency was 59% for cyclophosphamide and 35% for ifosfamide.…”

Section: Ifosfamide and Cyclophosphamide As Pollutants -Waste Water Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometric Detection and Reductive Degradation of the Anti-cancer Drugs Ifosfamide and Cyclophosphamide

Laauser¹,

Habekost²,

Habekost³

2018

AEES

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A flow tube reactor containing iron or zinc powder in a nitrogen atmosphere is capable of performing >90% anaerobic reductive dehalogenation of the cancer drugs ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide at 400 °C using toluene, alcohol or water as proton donors and iron or zinc as reducing agents. The products are all chlorine-free, as proven by GC-MS. The process is particularly interesting for large-scale industrial applications.

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Occurrence of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide in aqueous environment and their removal by biological and abiotic wastewater treatment processes

Cited by 84 publications

References 42 publications

First inter-laboratory comparison exercise for the determination of anticancer drugs in aqueous samples

First inter-laboratory comparison exercise for the determination of anticancer drugs in aqueous samples

Occurrence of anticancer drugs in the aquatic environment: a systematic review

Mass Spectrometric Detection and Reductive Degradation of the Anti-cancer Drugs Ifosfamide and Cyclophosphamide

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