Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone in Commercial Fish Feed: An Initial Study

Pietsch, Constanze; Kersten, Susanne; Burkhardt‐Holm, Patricia; Valenta, Hana; Dänicke, Sven

doi:10.3390/toxins5010184

Cited by 102 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Both environmental and economic sustainability could be improved significantly by either formulating alternative fish feeds, and/or by reducing the fish meal and fish oil in the feeds (Tacon and Metian 2013;World Bank 2013). Also, the contamination of feeds with mycotoxins, which can originate from feed-borne ingredients or from bad storage conditions, is often overlooked, which is dangerous since they can cause many health problems of fish, reduce yield and economic sustainability (Pietsch et al 2013;Pietsch et al 2015).…”

Section: Environmental and Economic Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

On the sustainability of aquaponics

König¹,

Junge²,

Bittsanszky³

et al. 2016

Ecocycles

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-Aquaponics is an evolving closed-system food production technology that integrates recirculating aquaculture with hydroponics. In this paper we give a brief literature overview of the sustainability aspects of aquaponics by discussing its social, environmental, and economic impacts in different potential settings. The technology might be applied to commercial or community based urban food production, industrial scale production in rural areas, small scale farming in developing countries or as systems for education and decoration inside buildings. We conclude that due to the different potential applications and settings for installing the technology, sustainability impacts need to be considered separately and that due the complexity within markets, value chains, communities, urban and rural infrastructure and policy settings, further research and data acquisition is needed to be able to assess all sustainability aspects.

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Section: Environmental and Economic Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

On the sustainability of aquaponics

König¹,

Junge²,

Bittsanszky³

et al. 2016

Ecocycles

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“…OTA can induce kidney damage in mammals (VKM 2013). Feed ingredients of plant origin, including cereals, are increasingly used in fish farming, and DON and OTA have also been shown to occur in such ingredients and in fish feed (Pietsch et al 2013;VKM 2013;Nácher-Mestre et al 2015;Sanden et al 2015). Fish feeds to carnivorous species such as Atlantic salmon have traditionally been based on fish meal and oil, but this supply is limited.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue distribution and elimination of deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A in dietary-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Bernhoft

Høgåsen

Rosenlund

et al. 2017

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed standard feed with added 2 or 6 mg kg -1 pure deoxynivalenol (DON), 0.8 or 2.4 mg kg -1 pure ochratoxin A (OTA), or no added toxins for up to 8 weeks. The experiments were performed in duplicate tanks with 25 fish each per diet group, and the feed was given for three 2-h periods per day. After 3, 6 and 8 weeks, 10 fish from each diet group were sampled. In the following hours after the last feeding at 8 weeks, toxin elimination was studied by sampling three fish per diet group at five time points. Analysis of DON and OTA in fish tissues and plasma was conducted by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, respectively. DON was distributed to the liver, kidney, plasma, muscle, skin and brain, and the concentrations in liver and muscle increased significantly from 3 to 8 weeks of exposure to the high-DON diet. After the last feeding at 8 weeks, DON concentration in liver reached a maximum at 1 h and decreased thereafter with a half-life (t 1/2 ) of 6.2 h. DON concentration in muscle reached a maximum at 6 h and was then eliminated with a t 1/2 = 16.5 h. OTA was mainly found in liver and kidney, and the concentration in liver decreased significantly from 3 to 8 weeks in the high-OTA group. OTA was eliminated faster than DON from various tissues. By using Norwegian food consumption data and kinetic findings in this study, we predicted the human exposure to DON and OTA from fish products through carryover from the feed. Following a comparison with tolerable daily intakes, we found the risk to human health from the consumption of salmon-fed diets containing maximum recommended levels of these toxins to be negligible. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…Feed formulations for rainbow trout range from 15-27% wheat. For herbivorous species such as cyprinids, the amount of wheat is higher, from 20-70% (Pietsch et al 2013).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on the immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Matejová¹,

Vícenová²,

Vojtek³

et al. 2015

Vet. Med.

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ABSTRACT:The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is commonly found as a natural contaminant in cereals such as wheat, barley, and corn, and exhibits various toxicological effects when present in animal feeds. The effects of DON at a nominal 2 mg/kg feed on immune responses of rainbow trout were investigated, including relative gene expression of important cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10), lysozyme concentration in skin mucus, and level of antigen-specific IgM in blood plasma after vaccination with the commercial vaccine AquaVac ERM containing Yersinia ruckeri type 1 (Hagerman strain). Twenty one-year-old rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were randomly divided into two groups. The control received a commercial feed with a naturally occurring low level of DON (225 μg/kg feed), while an experimental group was fed the same formulation with DON added to 1964 μg/kg feed. The trial continued for 23 days. Consumption of feed with added DON showed a significant effect on the immune system, as indicated by a higher level of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α (P < 0.05) and of IL-8 (non-significant) in head kidney. Expression of the pro-inflammatory gene IL-1β and the expression of a gene encoding anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were not influenced by DON treatment. Effects on the concentration of skin mucus lysozyme and specific IgM antibody levels were not observed during this experiment. These results suggest that prolonged ingestion of low doses of DON may influence the immune responses of rainbow trout.

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Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone in Commercial Fish Feed: An Initial Study

Cited by 102 publications

References 39 publications

On the sustainability of aquaponics

On the sustainability of aquaponics

Tissue distribution and elimination of deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A in dietary-exposed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Effect of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on the immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

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