Occurrence of dicarboximidic fungicides and their metabolites? residues in commercial compost

Abstract

In this work we analysed samples of different commercial composts to verify the presence of metabolites of dicarboximidic fungicides (Iprodione, Procymidone, Vinclozolin and Chlozolinate) widely used in agriculture as botritycides. The commercial compost extracts, obtained by sonication with acetonitrile, were analysed by HPLC-DAD-MS. The detection limits (DL) of the analytical method were appraised for all considered compounds and for both the detectors. The analysis confirmed the presence of fungicide residues (i.e. Iprodione, 48 µg/kg) in three samples of commercial compost and traces of some corresponding metabolites (i.e. Metabolite I of Procymidone, 20 µg/kg) for most examined matrices. These results underline a possible presence of these fungicides and corresponding metabolites in soil, after the addition of compost. dicarboximidic fungicides / metabolites / commercial compost / HPLC-DAD-MS Résumé-Fungicides dicarboximidiques dans le compost commercial. Ce travail comporte l'analyse des métabolites de fongicides dicarboximidiques utilisés comme botritycides (Iprodione, Procymidone, Vinclozolin, Chlozolinate) dans différents échantillons de compost commerciaux. Les extraits des composts ont été analysés par HPLC-DAD-MS (chromatographie en phase liquide-détecteur à série de diodes-spectromètre de masse). Les analyses ont confirmé la présence de résidus de fongicides dans trois composts commerciaux (ex. 48 µg/kg d'iprodione) et des traces de certains métabolites dans la plupart des échantillons (ex : 20 µg/kg du métabolite I du Procymidone). Ces résultats suggèrent que l'application de compost favorise la présence des fongicides et/or des métabolites spécifiques dans le sol traité. fongicides dicarboximidiques / métabolites / compost commerciaux / HPLC-DAD-MS

Possible Environmental Origin of Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus to Medical Triazoles

“…Fungicides are used during the production of plants, and residues might be present in organic matter that is used for composting. Azole fungicides are recognized to have the potential to persist in soil (4,5,18), and fungicide residues have been detected in compost (23). Furthermore, resistance to azole fungicides has been reported for numerous plant pathogenic molds, such as Mycosphaerella graminicola (6).…”

First azole‐resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates with the environmental TR46/Y121F/T289A mutation in Iran

“…To recover A fumigatus strains, 1 cm 2 compost was dissolved in 5 mL sterile saline solution containing Tween 40 (0.05%), vortexed, and allowed to settle. Briefly, according to a previously described protocol, for primary screening of azole‐resistant A fumigatus strains from the supernatant, 100 μL was plated on a Sabouraud dextrose agar plate (SDA; Difco), supplemented with 4 and 1 mg/L itraconazole and voriconazole, respectively, and incubated at 45°C for 72 hours in the dark . Identification of Aspergillus section Fumigati was performed based on both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics.…”

“…Compost (decaying plant waste material) is an important source of A fumigatus . It is known that high concentrations of azole‐resistant A fumigatus spores are released during incomplete composting processes, especially when azole residues from agricultural waste are present . Azole‐resistant A fumigatus with the TR 34 /L98H mutation in the environment has been reported earlier in Iran .…”

Clonal Expansion of Environmental Triazole Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Iran

“…Agricultural use of fungicides has driven the emergence and spread of azole-resistant A. fumigatus. The existence of an environmental route of azole resistance development involves serious risks for patients, as well, as they can become infected with azole resistant A. fumigatus strains before starting their treatment [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Notably, genetic exploration of azole resistant A. fumigatus strains indicates that isolates with the TR 34 /L98H allele are less genetically variable than susceptible isolates [ 12 , 23 ].…”