Occurrence of emetic toxin producing Bacillus cereus in the dairy production chain

Svensson, Birgitta; Monthán, Amanda; Shaheen, Ranad; Andersson, Maria A.; Salkinoja‐Salonen, Mirja; Christiansson, A.

doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.07.002

Cited by 74 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Lucky, cereulide production is an infrequent feature amongst B. cereus strains because it is a heat stable can survive 90 min at 121 °C (Horwood et al, 2004;Toh et al, 2004) and result in acute onset of illness. In a large study done by Svensson et al (2006), only 1.1% of the 5,668 B. cereus strains evaluated were emetic toxin producers, also Ankolekar et al (2009) and Kim et al (2011) revealed that the ces gene encoding the emetic toxin was not detected in all isolates acquired from clinical and food samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Detection of B. Cereus and Some of Its Virulence Genes in Some Dairy Desserts and Children Diarrhea

El‐Zamkan¹,

Mubarak²

2017

AJVS

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Key words: B. cereus, Dairy desserts, Diarrhea and virulence genesB. cereus is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that is found in most of the cases to be responsible for food-borne outbreaks. This study aimed to detect and quantify B. cereus in dairy desserts that locally manufactured and sold in different localities in Qena city, also to take an image about the role that is may be played by these products in causing foodborne illness by detection of B. cereus in diarrheal samples collected from the same regions from which the food samples are obtained. A total of 120 samples of ice-cream, mahallbia, rice and milk and diarrhea (30 samples each) were examined for presence of B. cereus. The results obtained in this study revealed detection of B. cereus in 55.6 and 40% of dairy dessert and diarrhea samples, respectively. B. cereus could be counted in 30, 60 and 76.7% of ice-cream, mahallbia and rice and milk samples with mean values of 3.5× 10 4 ±1.5× 10 4 , 6.3×10 5 ±1.9×10 5 and 1.4×10 7 ±6.6× 10 6 CFU/g, respectively. The possibility of involvement of theses dairy dessert samples in food poisoning cases was reinforced especially after detection the virulence genes of B. cereus isolates. It was found that 80, 44 and 24% of B. cereus isolates recovered from food samples harbored nhe, hbl and cytK genes, receptively including 55.6, 33.3 and 0% for ice-cream isolates; 83.3, 50 and 44.4% for mahallbia isolates and 86.9, 43.5 and 17.4% for rice and milk isolates. While for diarrhea samples, 75% of B. cereus isolates obtained from diarrhea samples carried nhe and cytK, respectively and 50% were found to be positive for hbl gene. Neither of the isolates that obtained from dairy dessert nor those obtained from diarrhea samples was positive for presence of ces gene.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Detection of B. Cereus and Some of Its Virulence Genes in Some Dairy Desserts and Children Diarrhea

El‐Zamkan¹,

Mubarak²

2017

AJVS

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“…the spermatozoan motility assay is relevant to mammalian cells for initial estimation of mitochondrial toxic concentrations of cereulide in various samples (4,19,21,24,65).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cereulideproducing B. cereus isolates are frequently reported in processed foods, implicated (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16) or not implicated (17)(18)(19)(20)(21) with foodborne illness, but appear infrequently in farming or natural outdoor environments (22)(23)(24)(25)(26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Potato Crop as a Source of Emetic Bacillus cereus and Cereulide-Induced Mammalian Cell Toxicity

Hoornstra

Andersson

Теплова

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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e Bacillus cereus, aseptically isolated from potato tubers, were screened for cereulide production and for toxicity on human and other mammalian cells. The cereulide-producing isolates grew slowly, the colonies remained small (ϳ1 mm), tested negative for starch hydrolysis, and varied in productivity from 1 to 100 ng of cereulide mg (wet weight) ؊1 (ϳ0.01 to 1 ng per 10 5 CFU). By DNA-fingerprint analysis, the isolates matched B. cereus F5881/94, connected to human food-borne illness, but were distinct from cereulide-producing endophytes of spruce tree (Picea abies). Exposure to cell extracts (1 to 10 g of bacterial biomass ml ؊1 ) and to purified cereulide (0.4 to 7 ng ml ؊1 ) from the potato isolates caused mitochondrial depolarization (loss of ⌬⌿m) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), porcine spermatozoa and kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15), murine fibroblasts (L-929), and pancreatic insulin-producing cells (MIN-6). Cereulide (10 to 20 ng ml ؊1 ) exposed pancreatic islets (MIN-6) disintegrated into small pyknotic cells, followed by necrotic death. Necrotic death in other test cells was observed only after a 2-log-higher exposure. Exposure to 30 to 60 ng of cereulide ml ؊1 induced K ؉ translocation in intact, live PBMC, keratinocytes, and sperm cells within seconds of exposure, depleting 2 to 10% of the cellular K ؉ stores within 10 min. The ability of cereulide to transfer K ؉ ions across biological membranes may benefit the producer bacterium in K ؉ -deficient environments such as extracellular spaces inside plant tissue but is a pathogenic trait when in contact with mammalian cells. C ereulide, the emetic toxin of Bacillus cereus, is most likely responsible for the severe cases of illness connected to the consumption of food contaminated with B. cereus (1-9). Cereulideproducing B. cereus isolates are frequently reported in processed foods, implicated (3-16) or not implicated (17-21) with foodborne illness, but appear infrequently in farming or natural outdoor environments (22-26).B. cereus is known to occur in the rhizomicrobiota and endophytic community of plants, as well as in root vegetables, including potato (27), but these habitats have not been searched for cereulide producers (28). The extracellular spaces of plants, as well as natural waters, including soil water, contain Ͻ1 mM K ϩ ions, whereas the concentration of K ϩ in the interior of the cytoplasmic space of plant cells, as well as in bacteria, is Ͼ100 mM (29, 30). Bacteria living in the extracellular spaces of the tuber of a crop plant must thus compete for K ϩ ions with its plant host and with other bacteria inside the crop plant.Cereulide is known to be a heat-stable cyclic depsipeptide (6, 31, 32) with high affinity and selectivity for sequestering K ϩ ions from a low-potassium environment (33-35). We recently found (36) that an endophytic, cereulide-producing Bacillus cereus strain (37) from Picea abies (Norway spruce), had a competitive advantage against nonproducers in potassium-deficient (Ͻ...

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“…The monosaccharide analysis of B. cereus ATCC 14579 showed different glycosylation patterns on ExsH and BclA. Moreover, two specific glycosyl residues, namely, 2-O-methyl-rhamnose (2-Me-Rha) and 2,4-O-methyl-rhamnose (2,4-Me-Rha), were attached to BclA, in addition to the glycosyl residues already reported in B. anthracis.The food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus has been extensively isolated in the form of spores from various environments, including food contact surfaces (26,33). Spores of the B. cereus group (closely related species, such as B. cereus, B. anthracis, or B. thuringiensis) are characterized by the presence of an outer layer called the exosporium, which surrounds the spore and is suspected of playing a major role in the interface phenomena.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus has been extensively isolated in the form of spores from various environments, including food contact surfaces (26,33). Spores of the B. cereus group (closely related species, such as B. cereus, B. anthracis, or B. thuringiensis) are characterized by the presence of an outer layer called the exosporium, which surrounds the spore and is suspected of playing a major role in the interface phenomena.…”

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confidence: 99%

Role Played by Exosporium Glycoproteins in the Surface Properties of Bacillus cereus Spores and in Their Adhesion to Stainless Steel

Lequette¹,

Garenáux

Tauveron³

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Bacillus cereus spores are surrounded by a loose-fitting layer called the exosporium, whose distal part is mainly formed from glycoproteins. The role played by the exosporium glycoproteins of B. cereus ATCC 14579 (BclA and ExsH) was investigated by considering hydrophobicity and charge, as well as the properties of spore adhesion to stainless steel. The absence of BclA increased both the isoelectric point (IEP) and hydrophobicity of whole spores while simultaneously reducing the interaction between spores and stainless steel. However, neither the hydrophobicity nor the charge associated with BclA could explain the differences in the adhesion properties. Conversely, ExsH, another exosporium glycoprotein, did not play a significant role in spore surface properties. The monosaccharide analysis of B. cereus ATCC 14579 showed different glycosylation patterns on ExsH and BclA. Moreover, two specific glycosyl residues, namely, 2-O-methyl-rhamnose (2-Me-Rha) and 2,4-O-methyl-rhamnose (2,4-Me-Rha), were attached to BclA, in addition to the glycosyl residues already reported in B. anthracis.The food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus has been extensively isolated in the form of spores from various environments, including food contact surfaces (26,33). Spores of the B. cereus group (closely related species, such as B. cereus, B. anthracis, or B. thuringiensis) are characterized by the presence of an outer layer called the exosporium, which surrounds the spore and is suspected of playing a major role in the interface phenomena. Indeed, the exosporium has been shown to play a role in spore adhesion to abiotic surfaces (14) and to professional phagocytic cells (25), in the escape of spores from macrophages (27), and in spore germination (16). As revealed by electron microscopy, the exosporium is made of an external hair-like nap on top of a paracrystalline basal layer (18). The hair-like nap is mainly composed of the collagen-like glycoprotein BclA in B. anthracis (34). The BclA protein contains three domains: the N-terminal domain (NTD) of 44 amino acids (aa) is involved in targeting and anchoring the protein in the exosporium (38); the C-terminal domain (CTD) is composed of multiple ␤-strands (28); and the collagen-like region (CLR), with a triple-helix conformation (34), is composed of GXX repeats, mostly GPT, whose threonine residues provide putative glycosylation sites (8). The filament length is proportional to the number of GXX repeats (35). The presence of BclA at the surfaces of B. anthracis spores has been shown to have an impact on the overall hydrophobicity (6) and charge (7) of the spores. Furthermore, the presence of BclA affects the germination of B. anthracis spores and is involved in specific interaction with immune cells (4, 24) and surfactants (28). Genes of other collagen-like proteins are also present in the B. anthracis genome (22, 39), as well as in other Bacillus species, such as exsH, which encodes a protein with an NTD of 145 aa with putative helical secondary structures, or exsJ (40). However, their loc...

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Occurrence of emetic toxin producing Bacillus cereus in the dairy production chain

Cited by 74 publications

References 38 publications

Detection of B. Cereus and Some of Its Virulence Genes in Some Dairy Desserts and Children Diarrhea

Detection of B. Cereus and Some of Its Virulence Genes in Some Dairy Desserts and Children Diarrhea

Potato Crop as a Source of Emetic Bacillus cereus and Cereulide-Induced Mammalian Cell Toxicity

Role Played by Exosporium Glycoproteins in the Surface Properties of Bacillus cereus Spores and in Their Adhesion to Stainless Steel

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