Occurrence of Ergot Alkaloids in Major and Minor Cereals from Northern Italy: A Three Harvesting Years Scenario

Carbonell-Rozas, Laura; Alabrese, Arianna; Meloni, Raffaele; Righetti, Laura; Blandino, Massimo; Dall’Asta, Chiara

doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05612

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Tritordeum, a hybrid crop obtained by crossing durum wheat with the wild barley Hordeum chilense [ 54 ], and rye crops were the most contaminated, with levels ranging from 4302 to 15,389 μg/kg [ 19 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climate Effects on Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids Occurrence in Italian Wheat

Peloso,

Minkoumba Sonfack,

Prizio

et al. 2024

Foods

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In recent years, there has been an intensification of weather variability worldwide as a result of climate change. Some regions have been affected by drought, while others have experienced more intense rainfall. The incidence and severity of moldy grain and mycotoxin contamination during the growing and harvesting seasons have increased as a result of these weather conditions. Additionally, torrential rains and wet conditions may cause delays in grain drying, leading to mold growth in the field. In July 2023, a wheat field in Lecco (Lombardy, Italy) was affected by torrential rains that led to the development of the Claviceps fungi. In the field, dark sclerotia were identified on some ears. Wheat ears, kernels, and sclerotia were collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS at IZSLER, Food Chemical Department, in Bologna. The wheat ears, kernels, and sclerotia were analyzed for 12 ergot alkaloids (EAs) according to (EU) Regulation 2023/915 (ergocornine/ergocorninine; ergocristine/ergocristinine; ergocryptine/ergocryptinine; ergometrine/ergometrinine; ergosine/ergosinine; ergotamine/ergotaminine), after QuEChERS (Z-Sep/C18) purification. The analyzed sclerotia showed significant differences in total alkaloid content that vary between 0.01 and 0.5% (w/w), according to the results of the 2017 EFSA scientific report. EAs detected in sclerotia were up to 4951 mg/kg, in wheat ears up to 33 mg/kg, and in kernels were 1 mg/kg. Additional mycotoxins, including ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, T2-HT2 toxins, and aflatoxins, were investigated in wheat kernels after purification with immunoaffinity columns (IAC). The analysis revealed the presence of deoxynivalenol in wheat kernels at a concentration of 2251 µg/kg. It is expected that climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events. In order to mitigate the potential risks associated with mycotoxin-producing fungi and to ensure the protection of human health, it is suggested that official controls be implemented in the field.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, ergot alkaloids are increasingly found in other cereals such as triticale, barley, wheat, and oats [ 18 ], probably due to climate change, as the occurrence of these alkaloids and other mycotoxins in winter cereals is associated with more frequent rainfall and wet soils during critical periods [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Effects on Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids Occurrence in Italian Wheat

Peloso,

Minkoumba Sonfack,

Prizio

et al. 2024

Foods

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show abstract

“…Tritordeum, a hybrid crop obtained by crossing durum wheat with the wild barley Hordeum chilense [52], and rye crops were the most contaminated, with levels ranging from 4,302-15,389 µg/kg [19].…”

Section: Climate Change and Ergot Alkaloids Occurrence In European Co...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate Effects on Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids Occurrence in Italian Wheat

Peloso,

Minkoumba Sonfack,

Prizio

et al. 2024

Preprint

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In recent years, there has been an intensification of weather variability worldwide as a result of climate change. Some regions have been affected by drought, while others have experienced more intense rainfall. The incidence and severity of mouldy grain and mycotoxin contamination during the growing and harvesting seasons have increased as a result of these weather conditions. Addi-tionally, torrential rains and wet conditions may cause delays in grain drying, leading to mold growth in the field. In July 2023, a wheat field in Lecco (Lombardy, Italy) was affected by torren-tial rains that led to the development of the Claviceps fungi. In the field, dark sclerotia were identi-fied on some ears. Wheat ears, kernels and sclerotia were collected and analyzed by LC-MS/MS at IZSLER, Food Chemical Department, in Bologna. The wheat ears, kernels and sclerotia were ana-lyzed for 12 ergot alkaloids (EAs) according to (EU) Regulation 2023/915 (er-gocornine/ergocorninine; ergocristine/ergocristinine; ergocryptine/ergocryptinine; ergome-trine/ergometrinine; ergosine/ergosinine; ergotamine/ergotaminine), after QuEChERS (Z-Sep/C18) purification. The analyzed sclerotia showed significant differences in total alkaloids content that varies between 0.01-0.5% (w/w), according to the results of 2017 EFSA scientific report. EAs de-tected in sclerotia were up to 4951 mg/kg, in wheat ears up to 33 mg/kg, and in kernels were 1 mg/kg. Additional mycotoxins including ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins, T2-HT2 toxins, and aflatoxins were investigated in wheat kernels, after purification with immu-noaffinity columns (IAC). The analysis revealed the presence of deoxynivalenol in wheat kernels at a concentration of 2251 µg/kg. It is expected that climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events. In order to mitigate the potential risks associated with mycotox-in-producing fungi and to ensure the protection of human health, it is suggested to implement of-ficial controls in the field.

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Mycotoxin Biodegradation by Bacillus Bacteria—A Review

Nguyen,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by various types of fungi that are known to contaminate various food products; their presence in the food chain poses significant risks to human and animal health and leads to enormous economic losses in the food and feed industry worldwide. Ensuring food safety and quality by detoxifying mycotoxin is therefore of paramount importance. Several procedures to control fungal toxins have been extensively investigated, such as preventive measures, physical and chemical methods, and biological strategies. In recent years, microbial degradation of mycotoxins has attracted much attention due to its reliability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Notably, bacterial species from the Bacillus genus have emerged as promising candidates for mycotoxin decontamination owing to their diverse metabolic capabilities and resilience in harsh environmental conditions. This review manuscript aims to provide a summary of recent studies on the biodegradation of fungal toxins by Bacillus bacteria, thereby illustrating their potential applications in the development of mycotoxin-degrading products.

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Occurrence of Ergot Alkaloids in Major and Minor Cereals from Northern Italy: A Three Harvesting Years Scenario

Cited by 3 publications

References 34 publications

Climate Effects on Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids Occurrence in Italian Wheat

Climate Effects on Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids Occurrence in Italian Wheat

Climate Effects on Ergot and Ergot Alkaloids Occurrence in Italian Wheat

Mycotoxin Biodegradation by Bacillus Bacteria—A Review

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