Occurrence of free-living amoebae (Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Naegleria) in water samples in Peninsular Malaysia

Gabriel, Shobana; Khan, Naveed Ahmed; Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah

doi:10.2166/wh.2018.164

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Similar results have been reported in Egypt (20,21,23) and Spain (22). Additionally, in Malaysia, Gabriel et al (24) showed that 64% of isolated FLA by culture method were positive as…”

Section: Outsupporting

confidence: 79%

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic <i>Acanthamoeba</i> Species from Air Conditioning Systems, Egypt

et al. 2021

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Acanthamoeba species are free-living amoebae causing granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and keratitis. This study aimed to identify Acanthamoeba isolated from air conditioning systems by culture method and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and testing its pathogenicity by thermo-tolerance and animal inoculation. Out of the 80 dust samples, 41 (51.25%) were found to be positive as Acanthamoeba spp. by culture method. These samples were confirmed positive by PCR. Regarding pathogenicity, out of 41 samples, 27 (65.9%) were thermo-tolerant and 16 (39%) samples could infect mice and caused histopathological effects. Highly pathogenic Acanthamoeba isolates were characterized by a thermotolerance ability and disseminated in all mice organs after infection causing early mice death. This work confirmed that the presence of pathogenic isolates of Acanthamoeba potentially infectious to humans in airconditioners.

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“…Similar results have been reported in Egypt (20,21,23) and Spain (22). Additionally, in Malaysia, Gabriel et al (24) showed that 64% of isolated FLA by culture method were positive as…”

Section: Outsupporting

confidence: 79%

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic <i>Acanthamoeba</i> Species from Air Conditioning Systems, Egypt

et al. 2021

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“…Consistent with this study, N. fowleri was frequently detected relative to Acanthamoeba spp. by PCR molecular technique in untreated and treated water [57], tap water [58], and from municipal drinking waters and recreational water sources [59]. This work presented herein demonstrated that L. micdadei and L. bozemanii were more often related to N. fowleri than Acanthamoeba spp., and the correlation between these species in the building water system and cooling towers observed separately (data not shown) could be due to the microbes being released into the water column from sloughing of the biofilms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Cooccurrence of Five Pathogenic Legionella spp. and Two Free-Living Amoebae Species in a Complete Drinking Water System and Cooling Towers

Logan-Jackson

Rose

2021

Pathogens

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Pathogenic Legionella species grow optimally inside free-living amoebae to concentrations that increase risks to those who are exposed. The aim of this study was to screen a complete drinking water system and cooling towers for the occurrence of Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri and their cooccurrence with Legionella pneumophila, Legionella anisa, Legionella micdadei, Legionella bozemanii, and Legionella longbeachae. A total of 42 large-volume water samples, including 12 from the reservoir (water source), 24 from two buildings (influents to the buildings and exposure sites (taps)), and six cooling towers were collected and analyzed using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). N. fowleri cooccurred with L. micdadei in 76 (32/42) of the water samples. In the building water system, the concentrations of N. fowleri and L. micdadei ranged from 1.5 to 1.6 Log10 gene copies (GC)/100 mL, but the concentrations of species increased in the cooling towers. The data obtained in this study illustrate the ecology of pathogenic Legionella species in taps and cooling towers. Investigating Legionella’s ecology in drinking and industrial waters will hopefully lead to better control of these pathogenic species in drinking water supply systems and cooling towers.

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“… Poor et al ( 2018 ) Iran Swimming pool and hot tubs (10) 40 8 Morphology, PCR Acanthamoeba T3 and Acanthamoeba T4 Vijayakumar ( 2018 ) Saudi Arabia Pools and recreation waters 27 7 Morphology Acanthamoeba spp. Xue et al 2018 USA lake recreation areas (10) 160 56 PCR N. fowleri Gabriel et al 2019 Malaysia Recreational place 57 40 Morphology, PCR Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of free-living amoebae in swimming pools and recreational waters, a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Free-living amoebae (FLA) are cosmopolitan microorganisms known to be pathogenic to humans who often have a history of contact with contaminated water. Swimming pools and recreational waters are among the environments where the greatest human exposure to FLA occurs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FLA in swimming pools and recreational waters, through a systematic review and meta-analysis that included studies published between 1977 and 2022. A total of 106 studies were included and an overall prevalence of FLA in swimming pools and recreational waters of 44.34% (95% CI = 38.57–50.18) was found. Considering the studies published up to 2010 (1977–2010), between 2010 and 2015, and those published after 2010 (> 2010–2022), the prevalence was 53.09% (95% CI = 43.33–62.73) and 37.07% (95% CI = 28.87–45.66) and 45.40% (95% CI = 35.48–55.51), respectively. The highest prevalence was found in the American continent (63.99%), in Mexico (98.35%), and in indoor hot swimming pools (52.27%). The prevalence varied with the variation of FLA detection methods, morphology (57.21%), PCR (25.78%), and simultaneously morphology and PCR (43.16%). The global prevalence by genera was Vahlkampfia spp. (54.20%), Acanthamoeba spp. (33.47%), Naegleria spp. (30.95%), Hartmannella spp./ Vermamoeba spp. (20.73%), Stenamoeba spp . (12.05%), and Vannella spp. (10.75%). There is considerable risk of FLA infection in swimming pools and recreational waters. Recreational water safety needs to be routinely monitored and, in case of risk, locations need to be identified with warning signs and users need to be educated. Swimming pools and artificial recreational water should be properly disinfected. Photolysis of NaOCl or NaCl in water by UV-C radiation is a promising alternative to disinfect swimming pools and artificial recreational waters. Graphical abstract Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00436-022-07631-3.

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Occurrence of free-living amoebae (Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Naegleria) in water samples in Peninsular Malaysia

Cited by 22 publications

References 35 publications

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic <i>Acanthamoeba</i> Species from Air Conditioning Systems, Egypt

Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic <i>Acanthamoeba</i> Species from Air Conditioning Systems, Egypt

Cooccurrence of Five Pathogenic Legionella spp. and Two Free-Living Amoebae Species in a Complete Drinking Water System and Cooling Towers

Prevalence of free-living amoebae in swimming pools and recreational waters, a systematic review and meta-analysis

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