Occurrence of Naegleria fowleri and their implication for health - a look under the One Health approaches

Santos, Denise Leal dos; Chaúque, Beni Jequicene Mussengue; Virginio, Veridiana Gomes; Cossa, Virgílio Carménia; Pettan-Brewer, Christina; Schrekker, Henri Stephan; Rott, Marilise Brittes

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114053

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…FLA are ubiquitous in the environment. Because of their ability to encyst, they are able to withstand extreme environments and resist unfavorable conditions [8,25 ▪ ]. N. fowleri has been found to grow best in warm water, and salinity impairs its growth [26].…”

Section: Environmental Nichementioning

confidence: 99%

“…N. fowleri has been found to grow best in warm water, and salinity impairs its growth [26]. It has been detected worldwide in various freshwater sources such as lakes and rivers, in hot springs, and in sediment at the bottom of lakes [25 ▪ ,27–29]. Although most confirmed infections have occurred after exposure to fresh water, N. fowleri has recently been detected in brackish waters [28,30].…”

Section: Environmental Nichementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human interaction with these sources is primarily recreational, and efforts have been made to encourage safe swimming in freshwater sources. However, N. fowleri has also been detected in roof-harvested rainwater and private wells [9,25 ▪ ,31]. Humans interact with these water sources much differently, and further studies are needed to determine the human risk of infection from nonrecreational sources.…”

Section: Environmental Nichementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also has a worldwide distribution, and it has been detected in a variety of niches, including natural freshwater sources (e.g. hot springs, groundwater, and spring water), air conditioning units, and even public swimming pools in some countries [25 ▪ ,29,32–35]. Furthermore, Acanthamoeba has been detected in drinking water systems in many countries, including 51% of households sampled in one US study [36,37].…”

Section: Environmental Nichementioning

confidence: 99%

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Amebic encephalitis and meningoencephalitis: an update on epidemiology, diagnostic methods, and treatment

Haston

Cope

2023

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

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Purpose of reviewFree-living amebae (FLA) including Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Acanthamoeba species can cause rare, yet severe infections that are nearly always fatal. This review describes recent developments in epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of amebic meningoencephalitis. Recent findingsDespite similarities among the three pathogenic FLA, there are notable variations in disease presentations, routes of transmission, populations at risk, and outcomes for each. Recently, molecular diagnostic tools have been used to diagnose a greater number of FLA infections. Treatment regimens for FLA have historically relied on survivor reports; more data is needed about novel treatments, including nitroxoline. SummaryResearch to identify new drugs and guide treatment regimens for amebic meningoencephalitis is lacking. However, improved diagnostic capabilities may lead to earlier diagnoses, allowing earlier treatment initiation and improved outcomes. Public health practitioners should continue to prioritize increasing awareness and providing education to clinicians, laboratorians, and the public about amebic infections. Keywords amebic meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, free-living ameba &&]. PAM is a rapidly progressive disease acquired when water containing the ameba enters the nose allowing the amebae to travel to the brain, causing diffuse inflammation, cerebral edema, and ultimately, herniation. Initial signs and symptoms can include fever, headache, vomiting, and meningismus, and progresses to death in a median of 5 days. It most commonly occurs in healthy adolescent male individuals in warm, summer months. GAE, in contrast, is more common among adults, has a more insidious onset and course, and likely results from hematogenous spread of amebae to the brain after exposure through inhalation or skin exposure. GAE can present with fever, headache, altered mental status, or seizures, and progresses over weeks to months. The recommended treatment

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Section: Environmental Nichementioning

confidence: 99%