Occurrence of Norovirus in pig faecal samples in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Taku, Ongeziwe; Iweriebor, Benson Chuks; Nwodo, Uchechukwu U.; Chikwelu, Larry; Okoh, Anthony I.

doi:10.12980/apjtd.7.2017d6-393

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Several surveys in pigs reported human norovirus in pig feces and two reported more than one genotype [30,34,36,43,117]. In a longitudinal study in Japan intestinal content of 20 apparently healthy 6 month-old pigs were screened each month with calicivirus-specific primers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animals as Reservoir for Human Norovirus

Villabruna

Koopmans

Graaf

2019

Viruses

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Norovirus is the most common cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis and is a burden worldwide. The increasing norovirus diversity is currently categorized into at least 10 genogroups which are further classified into more than 40 genotypes. In addition to humans, norovirus can infect a broad range of hosts including livestock, pets, and wild animals, e.g., marine mammals and bats. Little is known about norovirus infections in most non-human hosts, but the close genetic relatedness between some animal and human noroviruses coupled with lack of understanding where newly appearing human norovirus genotypes and variants are emerging from has led to the hypothesis that norovirus may not be host restricted and might be able to jump the species barrier. We have systematically reviewed the literature to describe the diversity, prevalence, and geographic distribution of noroviruses found in animals, and the pathology associated with infection. We further discuss the evidence that exists for or against interspecies transmission including surveillance data and data from in vitro and in vivo experiments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animals as Reservoir for Human Norovirus

Villabruna

Koopmans

Graaf

2019

Viruses

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“…The poor sanitation in the province and the use of swine waste as manure to improve the farm yields have been mentioned as risk factors for emerging pathogens like Hepatitis E (Adelabu et al 2017) and Norovirus (Taku et al 2017) found in this review. Such practices will also contribute to the propagation of diseases such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Enterococcus infections found in this review and contribute to the risk of food poisoning in rural communities of ECP.…”

Section: Zoonotic Diseases Found In the Reviewmentioning

confidence: 93%

A review of pig and poultry diseases in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, 2000–2020

Simbizi

Moerane

Ramsay

et al. 2022

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association

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“…FIG5 Binding of unlabeled (white) and labeled (gray) GII.4 VLPs to synthetic carbohydrates. Streptavidin plates were coated overnight at 4°C with 10 g/ml PAA-conjugated HBGAs, and 100 ng of VLPs was incubated overnight at 4°C.…”

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confidence: 99%

Human Noroviruses Attach to Intestinal Tissues of a Broad Range of Animal Species

Villabruna

Schapendonk

Aron

et al. 2021

J Virol

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Human noroviruses are the most common non-bacterial cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks with new variants and genotypes frequently emerging. The origin of these new viruses is unknown; however, animals have been proposed as a potential source as human noroviruses have been detected in animal species. Here we investigated the potential of animals to serve as reservoir of human noroviruses, by testing noroviruses attachment to formalin-fixed intestinal tissues of a range of potential reservoir animals. We set up a novel method to study norovirus binding using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled virus-like particles. In humans, noroviruses interact with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), carbohydrates that are expressed, among others, on the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract. In animals, this interaction is not well understood. To test if virus binding depends on HBGAs, we characterized the HBGA phenotype in animal tissues by immunohistochemistry. With the exception of the black-headed gull and the straw-coloured fruitbat, we observed attachment of several human norovirus genotypes to the intestinal epithelium of all tested animal species. We did, however, not find an association between the expression of a specific HBGA phenotype and VLP attachment. We show that selected human noroviruses can attach to small intestinal tissues across species, supporting the hypothesis that human noroviruses could reside in an animal reservoir. However, whether this attachment can subsequently lead to infection, needs to be further assessed. IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. New norovirus variants and recombinants (re-)emerge regularly in the human population. From animal experiments and surveillance studies it has become clear that at least seven animal models are susceptible to infection with human strains and that domesticated and wild animals shed human noroviruses in their faeces. As virus attachment is a first important step for infection we used a novel method utilising FITC-labelled VLPs to test for norovirus attachment to intestinal tissues of potential animal hosts. We further characterized these tissues with regards to their HBGA expression, a well-studied norovirus susceptibility factor in humans. We found attachment of several human strains to a variety of animal species independent of their HBGA phenotype. This supports the hypothesis that human strains could reside in an animal reservoir.

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Occurrence of Norovirus in pig faecal samples in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Animals as Reservoir for Human Norovirus

Animals as Reservoir for Human Norovirus

A review of pig and poultry diseases in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, 2000–2020

Human Noroviruses Attach to Intestinal Tissues of a Broad Range of Animal Species

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